CHAPTER 2: REVOLUTION AND THE EARLY REPUBLIC

CONFEDERATION AND THE CONSTITUTION – SECTION 3 After the Revolution, many favored a Republic After the Revolution, many favored a Republic Some supported a strong federal government (Federalists) while others favored states rights (Anti- Federalists) Some supported a strong federal government (Federalists) while others favored states rights (Anti- Federalists)

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION The Second Continental Congress issued a set of laws called the Articles of Confederation in 1781 The Second Continental Congress issued a set of laws called the Articles of Confederation in 1781 Gave states one vote each in Congress regardless of population of state Gave states one vote each in Congress regardless of population of state Split power between National Government and State Split power between National Government and State

ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION America’s first Constitution America’s first Constitution Established National governments ability to wage war, sign treaties, coin money, run post office Established National governments ability to wage war, sign treaties, coin money, run post office Land Ordinance of 1785 – made land parcels small & affordable Land Ordinance of 1785 – made land parcels small & affordable Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – set requirement for states Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – set requirement for states

WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLE OF CONFEDERATION Congress could not collect taxes Congress could not collect taxes Each state had one vote regardless of population Each state had one vote regardless of population No executive branch No executive branch No national court system No national court system Nine of thirteen states needed to agree to pass any law Nine of thirteen states needed to agree to pass any law Lacked national unity Lacked national unity Weak Central Gov’t Weak Central Gov’t

SHAYS’S REBELLION An event that highlighted the weakness of the Central (National) government was Shays’s Rebellion An event that highlighted the weakness of the Central (National) government was Shays’s Rebellion Farmers in western Massachusetts rose up in protest over increased taxes Farmers in western Massachusetts rose up in protest over increased taxes Daniel Shays led 1,200 farmers toward the arsenal in Springfield Daniel Shays led 1,200 farmers toward the arsenal in Springfield The event caused alarm throughout the republic The event caused alarm throughout the republic 1787

CREATING A NEW GOVERNMENT The delegates at the Constitutional Convention realized the need to strengthen the central government The delegates at the Constitutional Convention realized the need to strengthen the central government They soon decided to create an entirely new Constitution instead of amending the Articles They soon decided to create an entirely new Constitution instead of amending the Articles Compromise was the order of the day Compromise was the order of the day “ Compromise”

VIRGINIA VS. NEW JERSEY PLANS Virginia Plan: Bicameral Legislation based on state population Virginia Plan: Bicameral Legislation based on state population New Jersey Plan: Unicameral Legislation based on one state = one vote New Jersey Plan: Unicameral Legislation based on one state = one vote

GREAT COMPROMISE After a deadlocked that dragged on & on, Roger Sherman finally suggested the Great Compromise which satisfied both big & small states After a deadlocked that dragged on & on, Roger Sherman finally suggested the Great Compromise which satisfied both big & small states Bicameral Congress with House of Reps based on population (VA Plan) and Senate based on one state = one vote (NJ Plan) Bicameral Congress with House of Reps based on population (VA Plan) and Senate based on one state = one vote (NJ Plan)

THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISE Next difficult issue: Slavery Next difficult issue: Slavery Southern states wanted slaves included in the population figures used to determine Representatives Southern states wanted slaves included in the population figures used to determine Representatives Northern states which had few slaves, disagreed Northern states which had few slaves, disagreed Compromise was to count each slave as 3/5ths of a person Compromise was to count each slave as 3/5ths of a person

DIVISION OF POWERS Next issue: Should the National government or the states hold power? Who shall be sovereign? Next issue: Should the National government or the states hold power? Who shall be sovereign? Delegates choose to split power Delegates choose to split power Federalism system developed Federalism system developed Federal government had delegated, or enumerated powers (Coin, trade, war, etc.) Federal government had delegated, or enumerated powers (Coin, trade, war, etc.) States had reserved powers (education) States had reserved powers (education)

SEPARATION OF POWERS

RATIFYING THE CONSTITUTION The Constitutional Convention adjourned in September of 1787 The Constitutional Convention adjourned in September of 1787 Nine of thirteen states had to ratify the Constitution Nine of thirteen states had to ratify the Constitution Supporters of the Constitution were Federalists. Those opposed were Anti- Federalist Supporters of the Constitution were Federalists. Those opposed were Anti- Federalist

FEDERALIST Led by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay, Federalist believed that while the Constitution was not perfect, it was far superior to the Articles of Confederation Led by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay, Federalist believed that while the Constitution was not perfect, it was far superior to the Articles of Confederation They favored a strong central government They favored a strong central government James Madison “Father of the Constitution”

ANTI-FEDERALIST The Anti-Federalist view was that the Constitution did not guarantee the rights of the people of the states The Anti-Federalist view was that the Constitution did not guarantee the rights of the people of the states Led by Patrick Henry, George Mason, and Richard Henry Lee, the Anti-Federalists wanted a Bill of Rights to off-set the strong central government Led by Patrick Henry, George Mason, and Richard Henry Lee, the Anti-Federalists wanted a Bill of Rights to off-set the strong central government Lee penned his views in the widely read, Letters from the Federal Farmers

ADOPTION OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS To satisfy the States- Rights advocates, a Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution to guarantee individual rights To satisfy the States- Rights advocates, a Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution to guarantee individual rights The Bill of Rights was ratified in December of three years after the Constitution was ratified The Bill of Rights was ratified in December of three years after the Constitution was ratified First Ten Amendments

OLDEST LIVING CONSTITUTION The U.S. Constitution is the oldest written national constitution in the world The U.S. Constitution is the oldest written national constitution in the world Elastic Clause key to flexibility Elastic Clause key to flexibility Also ability to change, or “amend” the Constitution helps preserve it Also ability to change, or “amend” the Constitution helps preserve it 27 Amendments have been added 27 Amendments have been added

LAUNCHING THE NEW NATION – SECTION 4 The hero of the Revolution was the unanimous choice for the nation’s first president The hero of the Revolution was the unanimous choice for the nation’s first president Washington took office under the Constitution and with the Congress Washington took office under the Constitution and with the Congress He faced an enormous task of creating a new government He faced an enormous task of creating a new government America’s First President

JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789 One of Washington’s first tasks was to create a judicial system One of Washington’s first tasks was to create a judicial system Judiciary Act set up our justice system Judiciary Act set up our justice system The act called for a Supreme Court, federal courts, and district courts The act called for a Supreme Court, federal courts, and district courts The system guaranteed that the federal laws would remain “supreme” The system guaranteed that the federal laws would remain “supreme”

WASHINGTON CREATES DEPARTMENTS Washington created 3 executive branches Washington created 3 executive branches State: Thomas Jefferson State: Thomas Jefferson War: Henry Knox War: Henry Knox Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Treasury: Alexander Hamilton

Hamilton Vs. Jefferson Hamilton was a staunch Federalist, while Jefferson was an Anti-Federalist Hamilton was a staunch Federalist, while Jefferson was an Anti-Federalist Hamilton believed in commerce & industry, while Jefferson believed in a society of farmer-citizens Hamilton believed in commerce & industry, while Jefferson believed in a society of farmer-citizens

HAMILTON’S ECONOMIC PLAN Hamilton wanted a National Bank fully funded by the Government Hamilton wanted a National Bank fully funded by the Government Opponents, like James Madison, felt the Constitution made no provisions for such a Federal bank Opponents, like James Madison, felt the Constitution made no provisions for such a Federal bank Thus begins a long battle between those who interpret the Constitution loosely vs. strictly Thus begins a long battle between those who interpret the Constitution loosely vs. strictly

Hamilton’s Financial Plan The United States had acquired about $54 million in debts. The United States had acquired about $54 million in debts. Alexander Hamilton proposes that America pay back all debt Alexander Hamilton proposes that America pay back all debt Repaying speculators becomes a major issue. Repaying speculators becomes a major issue.

Repaying Speculators During the war the government issued bonds to people who had lent it money or served in the army During the war the government issued bonds to people who had lent it money or served in the army When the gov’t failed to repay, speculators offered to buy them at much lower than their face value. When the gov’t failed to repay, speculators offered to buy them at much lower than their face value. Hamilton proposed that all bonds be repaid. Hamilton proposed that all bonds be repaid. This would be a way to win confidence in the new governmentThis would be a way to win confidence in the new government Sound bonds would be a a sign of nations financial and health and encourage Americans to invest in nations futureSound bonds would be a a sign of nations financial and health and encourage Americans to invest in nations future Opponents, like James Madison, wanted the original bond holders to be paid. Opponents, like James Madison, wanted the original bond holders to be paid. He stated that only Hamilton’s friends would profitHe stated that only Hamilton’s friends would profit This proved unworkable as gov’t unable to identify original bond holdersThis proved unworkable as gov’t unable to identify original bond holders

Assumption of State Debts Second part of plan was for the federal government to assume state debts Second part of plan was for the federal government to assume state debts Some states such as, Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, and Georgia had repaid all of their debts Some states such as, Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, and Georgia had repaid all of their debts Most indebted states were in the North Most indebted states were in the North Southerners claimed Hamilton was protecting Northern business interests at the expense of the South Southerners claimed Hamilton was protecting Northern business interests at the expense of the South Hamilton was able to sway Southerners by promising the permanent capital would be located in the South. Hamilton was able to sway Southerners by promising the permanent capital would be located in the South.

Bank of the United States In 1790 Hamilton asked Congress to create a national bank system—The Bank of the United States. In 1790 Hamilton asked Congress to create a national bank system—The Bank of the United States. Private investors would own and operate the bank. Private investors would own and operate the bank. The federal government would invest millions in the bank— linking the strenght of the bank with that of the government. The federal government would invest millions in the bank— linking the strenght of the bank with that of the government. The bank would also have the power to issue paper currency backed by the federal government. The bank would also have the power to issue paper currency backed by the federal government. Opponents argued that no mention of Congress setting up national banks is contained in the Constitution Opponents argued that no mention of Congress setting up national banks is contained in the Constitution However, Hamilton argued that Congress can pass any laws necessary to carry out its expressed duties However, Hamilton argued that Congress can pass any laws necessary to carry out its expressed duties

Hamilton’s setback Hamilton asked for a system of protective tariffs. Hamilton asked for a system of protective tariffs. Many Americans were not ready for ambitious industrial development and believed the nation’s wealth was in farming Many Americans were not ready for ambitious industrial development and believed the nation’s wealth was in farming I think our government will remain virtuous…as long as the people are chiefly agricultural…When they get piled upon one another in large Cities as in Europe, they will become as corrupt as Europe. I think our government will remain virtuous…as long as the people are chiefly agricultural…When they get piled upon one another in large Cities as in Europe, they will become as corrupt as Europe. -Thomas Jefferson -Thomas Jefferson

TWO-PARTY SYSTEM Differences within Washington’s cabinet gave rise to a Two- Party System Differences within Washington’s cabinet gave rise to a Two- Party System Supporters Hamilton’s strong government view called themselves Federalists Supporters Hamilton’s strong government view called themselves Federalists Supporters of Jefferson’s vision of a strong state government were called Democratic- Republicans Supporters of Jefferson’s vision of a strong state government were called Democratic- Republicans

WHISKEY REBELLION During Washington’s 2 nd term in office (1794), Whiskey farmers, angered by an excessive tax, attacked tax collectors During Washington’s 2 nd term in office (1794), Whiskey farmers, angered by an excessive tax, attacked tax collectors Washington responded with great force (13,000 troops) Washington responded with great force (13,000 troops) Set precedent for armed force to support federal authority Set precedent for armed force to support federal authority

Foreign Affairs Jay’s Treaty Jay’s Treaty Issue? Issue? Resolution? Resolution? Pinckney’s (San Lorenzo) Treaty Pinckney’s (San Lorenzo) Treaty Issue? Issue? Resolution? Resolution? Franco-Anglo War & Edmond Genet Affair Franco-Anglo War & Edmond Genet Affair Precedent: Precedent: Proclamation of Neutrality Proclamation of Neutrality

Washington’s Farewell Address No permanent alliances No permanent alliances No factions No factions No sectionalism No sectionalism Two Term Precedent left to Jefferson ( ) Two Term Precedent left to Jefferson ( )

ELECTION OF 1796 Federalists nominated Vice President John Adams Federalists nominated Vice President John Adams Democratic- Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson Democratic- Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson Adams wins and runner-up Jefferson becomes vice- president (as law dictated) Adams wins and runner-up Jefferson becomes vice- president (as law dictated) Jefferson (left) and Adams

XYZ AFFAIR Adams attempts to avoid war with France after France ships seize American ships Adams attempts to avoid war with France after France ships seize American ships He sends official to meet with France foreign minister He sends official to meet with France foreign minister France sends three low level officers France sends three low level officers Adams is insulted and refers to them as “X, Y, and Z” Adams is insulted and refers to them as “X, Y, and Z” Next two years an undeclared naval war between France & U.S. was waged Next two years an undeclared naval war between France & U.S. was waged

ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS To counter what he considered a threat against the government, Adams passed through Congress the Alien and Sedition Acts To counter what he considered a threat against the government, Adams passed through Congress the Alien and Sedition Acts Alien Act raised residence requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 years and allowed President to deport anyone Alien Act raised residence requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 years and allowed President to deport anyone Sedition Act set fines & jail for anyone making false statements against the government Sedition Act set fines & jail for anyone making false statements against the government

STATES ATTEMPT TO NULLIFY ALIEN & SEDITION ACTS In an event that would foreshadow future conflicts, two Southern States (Va, & Ky.) asserted the principle of nullification In an event that would foreshadow future conflicts, two Southern States (Va, & Ky.) asserted the principle of nullification Nullification meant that a state could nullify, or consider void, any act of Congress they deemed unconstitutional Nullification meant that a state could nullify, or consider void, any act of Congress they deemed unconstitutional