Neutrino oscillation & INO Angles (mixing) are very much different than in quark sector For neutrinos weak Eigen states may be different from mass eigen states. In a weak decay one produces a definite weak eigen state In a weak decay one produces a definite weak eigen state Then at a later time t, Then at a later time t, Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa

First atmospheric neutrino was reported from Kolar Gold Field (KGF) at a depth of 2.3km way back in 1965 by the TIFR-Osaka-Durham group. TIFR had a long tradition of carrying out experiments deep underground. KGF laboratory was the deepest underground laboratory during the period KGF by TIFR-Osaka collaboration to look for proton decay. KGF mines closed its operation in ~30 muon /year/m 2 /sr at KGF, increased by a factor of ~100 at INO

India based neutrino observatory (INO) Create experimental facility in the country where we can carry out front ranking experiments in the field of particle & astroparticle physics. Underground laboratory with ~1 km all-round rock cover accessed through a 2 km long tunnel. A large and several smaller caverns to facilitate many experimental programmes. Frontline neutrino issues e.g., mass parameters and other properties, will be explored in a manner complementary to ongoing efforts worldwide. The ICAL detector, with its charge identification ability, will be able to address questions about the neutrino mass ordering. Will support several other experiments when operational. Neutrino-less Double Beta Decay and Dark Matter Search experiments foreseen in the immediate future. Open to International participation

INO-ICAL detector Total number of RPCs in the ICAL = 3  150  64 = 28,800 Total gas volume = 28,800  190cm  190cm  0.2cm ~ 200 m 3 Total surface area = 28,800 × 1.9m × 1.9m ~ 10 5 m 2 Standard gas composition for the avalanche mode: –Freon, R134a(C 2 H 2 F 4 ):Isobutane(i-C 4 H 10 ):Sulphur Hexafluoride(SF 6 )::95.5:4.3:0.2 Float Glass Fast and precise timing information to identify up-down ambiguity of muon: RPC is a the best choice to have <1ns precision with low cost 3cm strip pitch & strip multiplicity : ~5mm position resolution (along with ~1.3T magnetic filed) to identify bending of +ve and  ve muon, very crucial for the determination of neutrino mass hierarchy

INO-ICAL Detector ParameterICALICAL-Engineering module No. of modules31 Module dimensions16.2m × 16m × 14.5m8m × 8m × 2m Detector dimensions49m × 16m × 14.5m8m × 8m × 2m No. of layers15020 Iron plate thickness56mm Gap for RPC trays40mm Magnetic field1.3Tesla RPC dimensions1950mm × 1910mm × 30mm Readout strip pitch30mm No. of RPCs/Road/Layer84 No. of Roads/Layer/Module84 No. of RPC units/Layer19216 No. of RPC units28,800 (107,266m 2 )320 (1,192m 2 ) No. of readout strips3,686,40040,960

6 A journey through RPC road 10 cm  30 cm 30 cm  30 cm 100 cm  100 cm 200 cm  200 cm Started with 10 cm × 30 cm Glass RPC in Streamer mode Now with 200 cm × 200 cm Glass RPC in Avalanche mode

7 Running Prototype RPC Stack at TIFR General muon flux distribution n=2.15 ± 0.01 I 0 = ( ± 0.005)×10 -3 cm -2 s -1 str -1 Distinction of up/down Muon Zenith angle of muon, measurement of cosmic muon flux as well as it angular dependency Mis- identification Inefficiency due to button, dead strip, but edge effect also present Multiplicity and position Input to detector simulation and digitisation

Sub-ns Time resolution in Large area single gap RPC Existing/used RPC in HEP : ATLAS, L3, BELLE, BABAR :  t ~1.5 to 3.0ns First time trying to obtain sub-ns time resolution

Improvement of RPC timing Looking for the understanding of this kind of sources to improve the time resolution in RPC Variation in RPC timing as a function of position in strip and also multiplicity Faster and also slower arrival time near the button spacer

Heat Strengthening & Tempered Glass HS ~twice hard than normal glass (Surface test : 40 Mpascal) Performance of RPC with HS glass is comparable with Normal Glass, though the dark current is larger, which is under study Eventually want to look on Tempered glass (Six times harder than normal glass)

Multigap RPC Motivation:We want to use Multigap Resisitve Plate Chamber (MRPC) for TOF for possible application in the medical imaging. MRPCs offer σ t = ps. Plan: We will read both X and Y coordinates with orthogonal pickup panels. We also plan to use two detectors on each side with layers of converter plates. Both space and timing information will be used to locate the source position. ΔL[mm]≈σ t [ps]/2, ΔL=FWHM in the position accuracy.

Detector simulation and event reconstruction GENIE : modified 3D neutrino flux, Weighted evt GEANT Neutrino Event Generation ν a + X -> A + B +... Generates particles that result from a random interaction of a neutrino with matter using theoretical models. Output: i) Reaction Channel ii) Vertex Information iii) Energy & Momentum of all Particles Event Simulation A + B +... through RPCs + Mag.Field Simulate propagation of particles through the detector (RPCs + Magnetic Field) Output: i) x,y,z,t of the particles at their interaction point in detector ii) Energy deposited iii) Momentum information Event Digitisation (x,y,z,t) of A + B noise + detector efficiency + time resolution from operational RPC in Mumbai Output: i) Digitised output of the previous stage (simulation) Event Reconstruction (E,p) of ν + X = (E,p) of A + B +... Fit the tracks of A + B +... to get their energy and momentum. Output: i) Energy & Momentum of the initial neutrino

Determination of neutrino mass hierarchy Hadronic information is added separately Larger value of sin 2  13, more confidence level/less year to have same CL

INO Graduate Training Program  8 th batch of 3 students have started their course work at TIFR.  Several students from 1 st and 2 nd batch ( ) submitted their theses. Has designed the RPC trigger and before completion of 5 th year, was hired (Post. Doc.) by CMS L1 trigger upgrade group Post. : for development of the novel bolometric detectors for CUORE neutrinoless double–beta decay experiment and as well as R&D towards a next- generation double-beta decay Rutherford Appleton Lab : Setting up an experiment (starting from making detector to DAQ system and then analysis) for muon tomography. INO Graduate Training School will move to IICHEP, Madurai in near future. Expect those will return back with more experience and will design & build expt.

Other R&D Close loop Gas recirculation system Indigenous design of gas monitoring and purifier system RPC leak testing technique Industrial interface and Assembly of RPC……………… Electronics, DAQ, Trigger………………..