EUROPE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19 th CENTURY NATIONALISM, REFORM, AND DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE

Warm Up Industrial Revolution 1.2 advantages of railroads: 2.First to be industrialized in continental Europe was 3.Explain life in the factories: 4.Mass production: 5.Assembly line: 6.Who creates the idea of communism?

Great Britain – Still the most stable nation in Europe – Keeps increasing the number of male voters – Continues to make social and political reforms Queen Victoria comes to power in 1837 and rules until 1901 – Known as the Victorian Age and was a time of economic growth and political changes that made the country more democratic

Women’s suffrage movement – Suffragettes = people who worked to achieve voting rights for women – Started out by lobbying Parliament, were ignored Then used destructive tactics, such as breaking windows and arson, to gain attention – Women gained the right to vote in 1918 Irish Potato famine of 1846 – One million starved to death, another 1.5 million left the country, most emigrated to the U.S. – Starting in the 1860s the Irish began to fight for independence and home rule

France 1848 – Second French Republic established with Louis-Napoleon as president Second French Empire-controlled the army, police, government, and limited civil liberties – Rebuilds and modernizes Paris-widens the streets so the army can put down revolts – The empire collapses when France loses the Franco-Prussian War – A new constitution creates the Third Republic

Austrian Empire Compromise of 1867 – creates the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary Austria creates this due to pressure following the loss of the Austro-Prussian War – Each country had its own constitution, parliament and capital – Austria = Vienna and Hungary = Budapest

Russia More rural and agricultural than urban – The czar is a divine right monarch with unlimited power who rules using secret police and censorship Defeat in the Crimean War leads Czar Alexander II to make serious reforms – 1861 Alexander issues an emancipation edict which frees the serfs – Emancipation= the act of setting free Nicholas II begins his rule in 1894 and begins rapid industrialization pitiful working and living conditions for the Russian people – Socialist parties develop, following the theories of Karl Marx One Marxist leader, Vladimir Lenin, calls for the overthrow of the czar

“Bloody Sunday” – January 22, 1905 – Thousands of workers go to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to present a list of grievances to the czar, want better working conditions Troops open fire on the peaceful demonstration, killing hundreds Workers go on strike and students to riot in the streets

– Nicholas create Duma (legislative assembly) to end the strikes and promises to make the government more democratic – However the reforms are short-lived, within two years the czar takes away most of the power of the Duma and uses the army to rule – He will use the government to rule and Black Hundreds = Russian nationalists who persecute anyone who is against the czar

The Crimean War Result of a longstanding struggle between Russia and the Ottoman Empire – Ottoman Turks control the Balkans, but their empire is weakening – Russia is interested in expanding into the Balkans – want access to the Mediterranean Great Britain and France, fearful of Russian gains, join with the Ottoman Empire and declare war on Russia

Italy The Catholic Church refuses to recognize Italy as a legitimate nation and the pope prohibits Catholics from voting in elections Italian Unification Austria is still the dominant power Italians turn to the Italian state of Sardinia-Piedmont for leadership in achieving unification

– It was the only independent state and had a constitution – Ruled by King Victor Emmanuel II and Prime Minister Camillo di Cavour, who is known as the “brain” of Italian unification In 1870 French troops withdraw from Rome to fight the Prussians – Rome is named the capital of Italy

Germany After unification Germany prospered and became the strongest military and industrial power in Europe – Known as the Second Reich, or empire – Bismarck works to keep Germany from becoming a democracy Bismarck viewed France as a threat and his greatest fear was that France and Russia would form a military alliance – Made alliances with Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Italy to protect against this – was also on good terms with Great Britain-has hated France Emperor Wilhelm II comes to power in 1888 – He fires Bismarck and begins to alienate Russia and Great Britain

German Unification Germans turned to Prussia for leadership and unification since Austria is against the idea of a unified Germany – Has a strong military, authoritarian gov’t – Industrialized, strong economy due to the Zollverein The true architect behind German unification is Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck – Conservative who supported the king, believed it was Prussia’s destiny to lead the German people to unification

“The greatest questions of the day are decided by not by speeches and majority vote, but by blood and iron” He followed an active foreign policy that led to war uniting Germany – January 18, 1871 at the Palace of Versailles, Wilhelm I is proclaimed Kaiser (emperor) of a unified German empire – Unity achieved by the army and wars The unification of Italy and Germany greatly upset the balance of power in Europe

Ottoman Empire Called the “Sick Old Man of Europe” – Empire is slowly dying and disintegrating – Will cease to exist when it loses World War One

United States Expansion of the United States – 1803 Louisiana Purchase – bought land from France which doubled the size of the U.S. – Monroe Doctrine – declared that the Americas were off-limits to further European colonization – Settlers in Texas rebel against Mexico and achieve independence – Mexican-American War ( ) over Texas being admitted as a state – U.S. wins and gains land in the Southwest – Manifest destiny = Americans have the God-given right to expand and settle all land to the Pacific ocean

– Indian Removal Act of 1830 called for the relocation of all Native Americans to Indian Territory Trail of Tears – the Cherokee march to Indian Territory was deadly and ¼ die along the way Civil War is fought from 1861 to 1865 over the issue of states rights – One of these is the issue of slavery Abolitionism = movement to end slavery Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 – Southern states secede (withdraw) from the U.S. and form their own gov’t – The north fights back and the country is reunited

Between the U.S. becomes an industrial power with a foreign empire – Annexes Hawaii and gains Samoa – 1898 defeats Spain in the Spanish-American War – win and gain Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines Filipinos are angry and want independence and one Filipino even assassinates President McKinley