Long-term climate change & Short-term climate variability

Climate Based on is the average weather pattern for an area over a period of time It is determined by RainfallTemperature which are influenced by & LatitudeElevationOcean Currents & affects where people livewhat they grow & eathow people live

Since the last ice age

GISP2 stable isotope record

Younger Dryas – snow accumulation

Temperature last 11,000 years

Arctic temperatures 6000 years B.P.

Historical perspective Awareness of climate variability for thousands of years: e.g. their local histories & folklore. –Levels of yearly Nile flood levels recorded as early as 3000 B.C. –Egyptian tombs have written records & pictures of years of drought & famine –Climatic catastrophes such as floods occur in numerous accounts

Early scientific writings Aristotle ( B.C.) first wrote on climate change in a critical manner: " The same parts of the Earth are not always moist or dry, but they change according as rivers come into existence or dry up. And so the relation of land to sea changes too, and a place does not always remain land or sea throughout all time.... But we must suppose these changes to follow some order and cycle." From:

Early scientific writings Pliny the Elder (A.D ) stated in his Natural History Book XVI, 15, that the beech tree (fagus), which he regarded as a mountain tree that descended to the plain in northern Italy, formerly grew within the precincts of Rome itself but did so no longer in his day. " The climate was now too hot there, as it was also for chestnut trees." From:

Early scientific writings Chin Li-Hsiang (A.D ) studied evidence of the pattern of cultivation in China during the Chou, Chin & two Han dynasties (900 B.C. - A.D. 220) & determined that the climate then had been rather warmer than in his own time From:

Andean Civilizations & Climate

Northern Hemisphere temperature Mann et al., 1999

5 major phases in Northern Hemisphere in last 1400 years The medieval climatic optimum Also called “Europen Warm Period” “Little Climatic Optimum” 700 – 1200 AD

Timeline 874 Settlement of Iceland begins 930 >25,000 people living in Iceland 935 Settlement of Greenland begins Minimal sea ice cover around Iceland Mild winters, dry summers ,000 people in Iceland

5 major phases in the Northern Hemisphere in last 1400 years Medieval Glaciation AD

Timeline Late 1100’s Sharp decrease in Camp Century (Greenland) ice-core 18 O content signals lower temperature in North Atlantic region 1200 Increased sea ice in coastal water of Iceland 1200’s Glaciers advance into Iceland & Europe

Timeline 1300’s Decline of vineyard in Germany; loss of vineyard in England By 1350 Fishing replaces cereal crops as main food resource in Iceland By 1350 Western settlement in Greenland found abandoned 1410 Last reliable account of Norsemen in Greenland

5 major phases in the Northern Hemisphere in last 1400 years Brief climatic improvement 1460 – 1560 AD

5 major phases in the Northern Hemisphere in last 1400 years Little Ice Age 1560 – 1890 AD

Timeline 1600 Eruption of Huaynaputina volcano (Peru) causes severe short-term cooling 1600 Dramatic increase in sea ice in coastal water of Iceland that lasted until early 20 th century 1600’s Glaciers advance across Europe 1693 Hekla (Iceland) volcano erupts

Timeline 1693 Hekla (Iceland) volcano erupts 1694 Unfavorable for crops in Europe 1695 Cold rainy summer, early autumn frost 1696 Still cold and wet conditions Great famine of Estonia – 75,000 people dies

Price of wheat,

Skies/clouds in paintings

5 major phases in the Northern Hemisphere in last 1400 years Modern climatic optimum AD

Mean Global Temperature

GISP2 ECM record