ROMANITICISM PASSION IMAGINATION VISION NATURE EMOTION SUBJECTIVITY SUBLIMITY Romanticism An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.

ECONOMIC PARADIGMS

RELIGIOUS PARADIGMS Came through the French revolution. One of the most complex developments during this period is the transformation of religion into a subject for artistic treatment far removed from traditional religious art. The Enlightenment had weakened, but hardly uprooted, established religion in Europe. As time passed, sophisticated writers and artists were less and less likely to be conventionally pious; but during the Romantic era many of them were drawn to religious imagery in the same way they were drawn to Arthurian or other ancient traditions in which they no longer believed. Religion was estheticized, and writers felt free to draw on Biblical themes with the same freedom as their predecessors had drawn on classical mythology, and with as little reverence. Faust begins and ends in Heaven, has God and the devil as major characters, angels and demons as supporting players, and draws on wide variety of Christian materials, but it is not a Christian play. The Enlightenment had weakened the hold of Christianity over society to the extent that some at least, like Goethe, no longer felt the need to engage in the sort of fierce battles with it Voltaire had fought, but felt instead free to play with it. A comparable attitude can be seen in much of the work of the English Pre-Raphaelite painters who began in mid-century to treat Christian subjects in the context of charmingly "naive" Medievalism. The mixture of disbelief in and fascination with religion evident in such works illustrates a general principal of intellectual history: artistic and social movements almost never behave like rigid clock pendulums, swinging all the way from one direction to another. A better metaphor for social change is the movement of waves on a beach, in which an early wave is receding while another advances over it, and elements of both become mixed together. For all that many of its features were reactions against the rationalist Enlightenment, Romanticism also incorporated much from the earlier movement, or coexisted with the changes it had brought about.

SCIENCTIFIC PARADIGMS Improvement in technology led industrialisation which caused chaos in society. Natural philosophy in the early modern period is roughly what we today would call science. It was the study of nature in all its various dimensions. It included the study of the structure and function of all natural objects from the very distant to the very small. Isaac Newton called his famous book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and Francis Bacon believed that he had provided a new method for natural philosophy. Indeed it is somewhat artificial to display works in, say, natural history or chemistry as if they are separate categories to natural philosophy. Interestingly, many writers even regarded travel literature as an important source of knowledge for natural philosophy. The increasing role of science in defining a worldview: The scepticism resulting from by a clearer understanding of the world and humanity's place in it changed the way people thought of themselves and society.

PHILISOPHICAL PARADIGMS Expressed revolutionary ideals challenging the society of the time e.g. aristocracy. Transcendental philosophy of Kant and Fichte, which stressed the creative power of the mind and allowed nature to be seen as a responsive mirror of the soul, ‘All the preparations of reason… are in reality directed to those three problems only [God, the soul, and freedom]’.