Africa

Review… Enabling Imperialism automatic machine gun Steamships & RRs Quinine: cure for malaria African Society Low level of African technology Hundreds of ethnic & lingual tribes Mixed religion Wars between tribes: ethnic strife

Building Resentment Through Exploitation Congo 1882: Belgium gained Congo River Valley Brutal: collect sap, forced labor, excessive taxes, abuse Berlin Conference: European division of Africa Ignored ethnic needs 20 th century Nationalism Exploitation of African culture, land, and resources Involvement in world wars on behalf of European nations

Independence Movement Post WWII Loss of colonies by BR, FR, Belgium, Portugal leave a power gap **Pan Africanism movement - revival of pride in African cultures & heritage as means to build independence movements Right to self-determination – 1945 UN Charter nations have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no external interference New international boundaries mirror old upon independence little relevance to linguistic, ethnic, and cultural boundaries New territorial disputes and Soviet expansion leads to influence of super powers during Cold War

Kwame Nkrumah and peaceful transition Nationalist leader in Ghana (West Africa) 1948: organized a campaign of civil disobedience increased pressure on British to allow for national elections. 1957: the “Gold Coast” of Africa wins independence renamed Ghana British Colonies – Gold Coast

British Colonies - Kenya Kikuya of Kenya largest ethnic group BR exclude from political roles and use as cheap labor Br owned disproportionate amount of land 1950’s violent Mau Mau rebellion Jomo Kenyatta – leader of Kikuya Jailed as a suspected Mau Mau and released in : won national elections voted to gain independence from GB

British Colonies - South Africa Apartheid 1948: separation of races instituted all social contact prohibited Segregated hospitals, schools, neighborhoods African National Congress led by Nelson Mandela 1960 imprisoned fights for rights of black majority Fight against gov’t sanctioned racism

South Africa 1980’s 1980’s Nations imposed economic sanctions, ban from Olympics 1989: President Klerk elected legalized ANC, released Mandela 1990’s: repeal of apartheid 1994: first election with all races voting Mandela becomes first black president of the Republic of South Africa 1996: New Constitution promotes equal rights

Mandela Xsxr8w Biography: -mandela #synopsis -mandela #synopsis Apartheid rrSgHI

Major movement of artists to fight Apartheid in YpnVOGQ

French Colonies--Algeria 1954: Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) seeks independence guerilla tactics, terrorism against civilians, & use of other Arab nations 1958, Charles de Gaulle (French Pres.) gave African colonies a choice accept French control of foreign affairs as part of the French community or… become independent and lose all French aid Only Guinea accepted and suffered political and economic isolation The Soviet Union offers to provide assistance (communism spreads!!) 1962: referendum passed giving Algerian independence