Exploring Space Chap 22

Rocket Science Konstantin Tsiolkovsky proposed that machines called rockets could take people to outer space. A rocket is a machine that uses escaping gas from burning fuel to move. Tsiolkovsky stated, “ The Earth is the cradle of mankind. But one does not have to live in the cradle forever.” His inspiration came from Jules Verne.

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Tsiolkovsky believed rockets could generate enough force to escape the gravity of earth and reach outer space.

Tsiolkovsky’s Rocket

Robert Goddard Robert Goddard became known as the “Father of Modern Rocketry” He was the first to successfully launch a liquid-fueled rocket in 1926

He tested more than 150 rocket engines and by the time of World War II, he had drawn the attention of the United States military.

Rocket Bombs to Rocket Ships The V-2 rocket was used by Germany to deliver warheads. The scientist who developed the rocket was Werhner von Braun. At the end of World War II, the U.S. gained von Braun and 127 rocket scientists.

Werhner von Braun

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Was created to help the United States compete with the Soviet Union in the Space Race.

How Rockets Work Newton’s Third Law of Motion: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The force of hot gasses escaping the bottom of the rocket is known as thrust.

Question? How do rocket engines burn with little to no oxygen in outer space?

How to Leave the Earth Orbital Velocity – the speed and direction a rocket must travel in order to orbit a planet or moon. (17,927 mi/h or 8 km/s) What happens if you do not travel this fast? Escape Velocity – the speed and direction a rocket must travel to completely break away from a planet’s gravitational pull. (24,606 mi/h or 11 km/s)

REVIEW What must a rocket overcome to reach escape velocity? Use Newton’s Third Law of Motion to describe how rockets work. What is the difference between orbital and escape velocity? How did the Cold War accelerate the U.S. Space Program? Why does escape velocity vary depending on the planet the rocket is launched from?

EXTRA CREDIT!!!!! Pick one of the following rockets and research for the following information: –Size –Weight –Speed –Purpose for NASA Rockets to choose from: –Mercury-Atlas –Delta –Titan IV –Saturn V –Space Shuttle and Boosters

“You are watching television, and suddenly a weather bulletin interrupts your favorite show. There is a HURRICANE WARNING! You grab a cell phone and call your friend- the hurricane is headed straight for where she lives!” The TV show, weather bulletin and phone call are all made possible by what?

Artificial Satellites Artificial satellite – any human-made object placed in orbit around a body in space. There are many different kinds: –Weather –Communications –Remote-sensing

The First Satellites Sputnik I – the first artificial satellite. Launched by the Soviets. It orbited the Earth for 57 days.

The First Satellites Sputnik II – Soviet satellite that carried the first living being into space. A dog named Laika.

The First Satellites The United States launched its first satellite in It was called the Explorer I.

Artificial Satellites Today there are thousands of satellites that orbit the Earth. There are more launched every year. By 1964, communications satellites were able to send signals around the world.

Satellite Orbits Low Earth Orbit (LEO) – is an orbit less than 1500 km above the Earth’s surface. –Satellites move around the Earth very quickly when in LEO. Geostationary Orbit (GEO) – an orbit that is about 36,000 km about the Earth’s surface and in which a satellite is above a fixed spot on the equator. The satellite is always above the same spot on Earth –Communications satellites –Weather satellites

What is the difference between GEO and LEO?

Military Satellites They are LEO satellites that are capable of taking detailed photos of Earth. They can take pictures of things as small as your text book. The first satellites were developed by the United States and the Soviet Union as spy satellites to spy on each other during the Cold War. Spy satellites are still used today.

GPS GPS – Global Positioning System. Allows people to find their exact location on Earth. GPS consists of 27 solar powered satellites that continuously send radio signals to the Earth. Using the signal from 4 satellites, GPS can give accurate coordinates of a person on Earth.

Weather Satellites Are found in GEO. This way they are able to give a big picture of the Earth’s atmosphere. Weather satellites in LEO are in Polar Orbits. Polar Orbit – the satellites orbit in a North to South track while the Earth moves under them. Provide a closer look at weather systems.

Communications Found in GEO. Used to relay messages around the world. They relay computer data, some television, and some radio signals.

Remote Sensing Remote sensing is the gathering of data and images from a distance. Remote sensing satellites measure light and other forms of energy that are reflected from Earth. Landsat Terra I – First satellite in NASA’s Earth Orbiting System or EOS.

Landsat / Terra I

Space Probes Space Probe – an uncrewed vehicle that carries scientific instruments into space to collect scientific data. Space probes travel away from the Earth.

Luna 1 / Clementine Luna 1- the first space probe launched by the Soviets in 1959 and it flew past the moon. Luna 9 – 1969, made the first soft landing on the moons surface. Clementine – 1994, United States probe that discovered the craters on the moon may have contained water. Lunar Prospector – 1999, confirmed that frozen water exists on the moon.

Luna 1 / Clementine

Luna 9 / Lunar Prospector

Vanera 9 Vanera 9 – Soviet probe was the first to land on Venus. It found the surface temperature and atmospheric pressures on Venus are much higher than those on Earth. Revealed Venus has a severe greenhouse effect. Scientist use this data to study the greenhouse effect on Earth.

Vanera 9

The Magellan Mission Magellan was launched in 1989 by the United States. It mapped 98% of Venus’s surface using radar. Showed the geology of Venus is similar to that of the Earth.

Magellan

Viking 1 and Viking 2 In 1975 the United States sent the Viking pair to Mars. The main goal of the Viking mission was to look for life on Mars. Discovered Mars was once warmer and wetter than now.

Viking 1 & 2

Mars Pathfinder In 1997 the Mars Pathfinder was sent to explore Mars’s surface once again. The purpose was to show this Martian exploration could be done at a lower cost. Pathfinder landed and launched Sojourner. Sojourner traveled across the surface for 3 months collecting images of the surface.

Mars Pathfinder

Pioneer and Voyager Pioneer 10 and 11 were the first to visit planets in the outer solar system. They sampled the solar wind and discovered the dark bands on Jupiter allowed us to look deep into its atmosphere. In 1983 Pioneer 10 was the first probe to travel past Pluto. Voyager discovered the faint rings of Jupiter and Voyager 2 was the first to fly past the 4 gas giants. They are now near the edge of the solar system and some are still sending back data.

Voyager / Pioneer

Galileo Mission Galileo arrived at Jupiter in Spent its time exploring Jupiter’s moons. Discovered two of the moons have magnetic fields and one of the moons, Europa, has an ocean of water under its frozen surface.

Galileo

Cassini Mission 1997 Cassini was launched for a 7 year trip to Saturn. It will take a look at Saturn’s moons. A smaller probe, Huygens, will detach and descend into Titan’s atmosphere.

Cassini / Hyugens

Stardust / Deep Space 1 Stardust is to collect materials from a comets tail and bring them back to Earth. Deep Space 1 is to use an ion propulsion rocket to travel through space. This mission is to test new technology.