Ethnicity

Ethnicity – Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth Race – Identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor Nationality – Identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country

Nationality and ethnicity are similar concepts in that membership in both is defined through shared cultural values Race distinguishes blacks and other persons of color from whites Example: Ethnicity: Mayan Nationality: Guatamalan

Regional Concentrations of Ethnicities African Americans clustered in the Southeast – Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, South Carolina, and Mississippi Hispanics clustered in the Southwest – Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and California Asian Americans clustered in the West – Hawaii and California American Indians in the Southwest and Plains states Distribution of Ethnicities In the United States

African-Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-1: The highest percentages of African Americans are in the rural South and in northern cities.

Hispanic Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-2: The highest percentages of Hispanic Americans are in the southwest and in northern cities.

Asian Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-3: The highest percentages of Asian Americans are in Hawaii and California.

Native Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-4: The highest percentages of Native Americans are in parts of the plains, the southwest, and Alaska.

Concentration of Ethnicities in Cities African Americans highly clustered in cities – ½ of African Americans live in cities – Concentrations contrast greater at state level Ex. 85% of Detroit and only 7% of rest of Michigan Hispanics also clustered in cities – Especially in the north New York City 1/4 Hispanic – 1/16 in rest of New York High in Los Angeles – about equal to state average in other cities Distribution of Ethnicities In the United States

Concentration of Ethnicities in Cities Clustering of ethnicities in neighborhoods within cities – Early twentieth century Midwestern cities attracted ethnic groups from Southern and Eastern Europe European ethnic neighborhoods still exist – Ex. Chicago – Distribution of Ethnicities In the United States

Ethnicities in Chicago Fig. 7-5: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans are clustered in different areas of the city.

Ethnicities in Los Angeles Fig. 7-6: Hispanic, white, African American, and Asian areas in and around Los Angeles.

African American Migration Patterns Immigration from Africa to the American colonies in the eighteenth century Immigration from the U.S. South to northern cities during the first half of twentieth century Immigration from inner-city ghettos to other urban neighborhoods during the second half of the twentieth and first decade of the twenty- first century Distribution of Ethnicities In the United States

African American Immigration to the North Booming industrial cities in the North (combined with reduced demand for labor in the south) African Americans migrated in two main waves – 1910’s and 1920’s and 1940’s and 1950’s (before and after the wars) – Whites were used in war efforts or in labor disputes War stimulated the production war materials (factories) Distribution of Ethnicities In the United States

African American Migration in the U.S., 20 th century Fig. 7-8: 20th century African American migration within the U.S. consisted mainly of migration from the rural south to cities of the Northeast, Midwest, and West.

Expansion of the Ghetto African Americans clustered into neighborhoods Densities within neighborhoods began to increase – Half-million African Americans jammed into Chicago’s 8 square-kilometer South Side ghetto Poor living conditions – Baltimore’s West Side area expanded from 3 square kilometers (1950) to 25 square kilometers (1970) See figure 7-9 Distribution of Ethnicities In the United States

Racism – Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race “Separate But Equal” doctrine established in 1896 with Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson – Equality did not mean whites/blacks had to mix socially Brown v. Board of Education (1954) found having separate schools was unconstitutional – Racial separation branded minorities and inferior and inherently unequal Differentiating Ethnicity and Race

Race in the United States “White Flight” – Emigration of whites from an area in anticipation of blacks immigrating into the area – Ex. Detroit = white population dropped 1 million between 1950 and 1975 and another 1/2 million between 1975 and 2000 Blockbusting – real estate agents convinced white homeowners living near a black area to sell their houses at low prices, preying on their fears that black families would soon move into the neighborhood and cause property values to decline Redlining – a process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries

Division by Race in South Africa Apartheid – physical separation of different races into different geographic areas – Cornerstone of South African policy – Four races, each having different legal status Black, white, colored (black and white), or Asian – Laws determined where people could live, attend school, work shop, and own land Blacks restricted to certain occupations and paid lower wages Blacks could not vote or hold political office Differentiating Ethnicity and Race

South African government established ten so- called homelands for blacks – Designed to isolate races – White minority government expected every black to become a citizen – South African government attempted to declare segregated areas independent countries, but no other countries recognized the claim Differentiating Ethnicity and Race

Black “Homelands” in South Africa Fig. 7-10: During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black “homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid.

Division by Race in South Africa Apartheid laws repealed in 1991 – Restrictions on property ownership and classification of people at birth by race – National elections held in 1994 Nelson Mandela country’s first black president Whites guaranteed representation for five years South Africa governed by black majority – Other countries have reestablished economic and cultural ties – Political equality, but blacks still much poorer Differentiating Ethnicity and Race

Nation-States Self-determination – Ethnicities have the right to govern themselves Nation-state – State whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality – Territory of a state rarely corresponds precisely to the territory occupied by an ethnicity Rise of Nationalities

Nation-states in Europe – Ethnicities transformed into nationalities throughout Europe during the nineteenth century Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empires dismantled following World War I – European boundaries redrawn Denmark: There are no perfect nation-states – Almost completely unified (Danes speak Danish) – Areas not unified – southern border, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland Rise of Nationalities

Nationalism Nationalism – Loyalty and devotion to a nationality – sense of national consciousness that exalts one nation above all others – States foster nationalism by promoting symbols of the nation-state, such as flags and songs U.S. = Star Spangled Banner and U.S. Flag Negative effects of nationalism – Sense of unity in one nation can be achieved through creation of negative images of other nation-states Nationalism great example of centripetal force – attitude that tends to unify people and support the state Rise of Nationalities

Centripetal Force – directed toward center Centrifugal Force – Spreads outward from center

Multi-ethnic state - state that contains more than one ethnicity – Ex. Belgium = contains Flemish (Dutch speaking) and Walloons (French speaking) Multinational state – contain two ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities – Ex. United Kingdom = contains four main nationalities (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland) – Former Soviet Union/ Even modern Russia Multinational States

Former Soviet Union: Largest Multinational State Under the Soviet Union there were 15 republics based on the 15 largest ethnicities – Less numerous ethnicities not given same recognition – 15 republics are now 15 independent countries Multinational States

Republics of the Soviet Union Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s.

Russia: Largest Multinational State 39 officially recognized nationalities – Many desire independence – 20% of country is non-Russian Independence movements flourishing because Russia is less willing to suppress these movements – Chechens are troublesome group (Sunni Muslims) Russians in other states are now minorities and feel discriminated against Multinational States

Turmoil in the Caucasus Caucasus region located between Black and Caspian seas Area has several ethnicities with Azeris, Armenians and Georgians the most numerous – Other important ethnicities include: Abkhazians, Chechens, Ingush, and Ossetians Kurds and Russians also in the area Each ethnicity wants to become sovereign nation- state Multinational States

Turmoil in the Caucasus Azeris (Azerbaijanis) – 7 million live in Azerbaijan, 16 million in northwestern Iran, – A fragmented state – western part of country is separated from rest of Azerbaijan by corridor belonging to Armenia Armenians – Independent state after World War I, but taken over and divided by Soviet Union and Turkey – Independent country again after 1991 (from U.S.S.R.) Multinational States

Turmoil in the Caucasus Armenians and Azeris have been at war with each other since 1988 over boundaries – Conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh Enclave within Azerbaijan (occupied by Armenians) Georgians – Georgia is diverse with different groups having own demands – 84% Georgians – Cultural diversity source of unrest Abkhazians desire to become independent nation-state Ossetians want to become part of Russia – unite with North Ossetia (already part of Russia) Multinational States

Ethnic Clashes to be reviewed Ethiopia- Eritrea Sudan Somalia Lebanon Sri Lanka

Ethnic Clashes Ethnic Cleansing – a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region A few examples: – Rwanda – Holocaust – Armenia – Bosnia