River Valley Civilizations WHI.3,4 Mr. Sinkko

Big Picture Question for today Why did permanent settlements appeared in river valleys during the Neolithic Era?

What is a Civilization? Strong rulers (hereditary- established dynasties) Agricultural Surplus (extra) Advanced Institutions (Religious systems, etc.) Advanced tools (used metal) System of writing (very important!)

Geography When did the earliest civilizations begin? Where were the earliest civilizations located? Why did ancient civilizations develop in river valleys?

When? Started in the Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia) around 3500 BCE Civilizations started in other places around this time as well

Where?

Videos While you watch the following videos, keep in mind the Big Picture Question. Feel free to take notes on material that provides an insight into the answer for the Big Picture Question.

China

Egypt

India

Sumer (Mesopotamia)

Brainstorm What sources might be useful to provide evidence for a response to the Big Picture Question?

Activity- Big Picture Question Source Cards I will divide you into 8 groups. You will analyze the source cards and complete the analysis chart. You will also answer the question: “What made the civilization successful?”

Egypt

(Traditional Egyptian Farmer’s Song) “When the [Nile] arises earth rejoices and all men are glad…..That givest drink to the desert places which are far from water.” (Traditional Egyptian Farmer’s Song)

Mesopotamia Settlements in Mesopotamia did not benefit from protective geographic features and were repeatedly invaded.

Mesopotamia (5000 BCE) Empire (4000 BCE) Assyrian Empire (3000 BCE) Sumer (5000 BCE) Babylonian Empire (4000 BCE) Assyrian Empire (3000 BCE) Persian Empire (2500 BCE)

India

India

China

China

Read “Development of Ancient River Valley Civilizations” Today’s reading Read “Development of Ancient River Valley Civilizations” While reading keep in mind the Big Picture Question. Take notes if necessary.

Now it’s time to answer the question. Based on everything we discussed, you are to write at least two paragraphs answering the Big Picture Question. You should discuss at least 3 factors and give an example of each. You are to do this on a piece of notebook paper and turn it in.

Why River Valleys? Regular flooding deposited rich soil for farming… led to surplus (extra) Most settings had natural protections from invaders Rivers provided transportation

River valley civilizations map quiz Warm Up River valley civilizations map quiz

Label the following China Indus River Indus Valley (India) Mesopotamia Egypt Huang He (Yellow) River Ganges River Nile River Indus River Euphrates River Tigris River

Reread “Development of Ancient River Valley Civilizations” If you find any of the terms in the reading, write down a little note or definition of the word in your chart under “Term/Description” To the left of the word put a “S” for Social, “P” for Political, or “E” for Economic

OK, Let’s look at the geography and social patterns of Mesopotamia

Now let’s see how much you wrote down.

Geography of Mesopotamia Located in the Fertile Crescent (Modern Day Iraq) Between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Flooded each year and provided fertile soil Sometime overflowed and destroyed settlements

Mess O' Potamia Lacked natural protections Frequent invasions… easily conquered

Social Patterns in Mesopotamia Cities had ruling families (dynasties) The king was considered chief-priest and had religious authority Rigid class structure (determined at birth) Rulers and priests had highest role in society Educated individuals (Scribes) that could write were also important Common person spent most of the time farming Slavery existed, but was not based on race

Let’s look at the political and economic patterns of Mesopotamia

Now for the notes.

Political Patterns in Mesopotamia Often consisted of city-states Religious officials (priests) had political power Eventually instituted a Law Code Hammurabi's Code Oldest existing written code of laws

Economic Patterns of Mesopotamia Used metal tools and weapons Used the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers for trade of their agricultural surplus, tools and weapons. Slavery existed in Mesopotamia.

OK, now for the geography, and social, political and economic patterns of Egypt.

OK, let’s look at the notes.

Egypt's Geography Located between two deserts Nile River Regularly Flooded each year and provided fertile soil Very consistent!

Egypt in Time Good natural protections Lasted for over 2000 years before conquered by foreign empires

Social Patterns Ancient Egypt Started as two separate kingdoms (upper and lower). Eventually united into one Rulers were called Pharaoh Were worshipped as a god Dynasties

Egypt's Class Structure Rigid class structure (determined at birth)

Egypt had a centralized government and the Pharaoh was seen a god. Political Patterns Egypt had a centralized government and the Pharaoh was seen a god.

Economic Patterns Trade along Nile River was crucial Agricultural Surplus Irrigation along Nile River Specialized Workers Developed a system of slavery (not based on race)

Compare / Contrast Read the article “Ancient Nubia” Based on the article and what you have learned about Egypt, complete the Venn Diagram in your notes, but comparing and contrasting Egypt and Nubia

Answer the questions on the back of the Political Patterns worksheet. Homework Answer the questions on the back of the Political Patterns worksheet.

Complete the World Map Quiz Warm - up Complete the World Map Quiz

Brainstorm Question What was the impact of innovations in agriculture (the use of metal to create plows and new irrigation techniques)? Think about the following: Surplus (what would that lead to?)

Thoughts on the question. What is Surplus? Thoughts on the question.

Answer Increased surplus will lead to increased trade. More trade requires record-keeping. Record-keeping requires a written language. With a written language, societies can create written codes of law. Written codes of law are needed by a centralized government.

Pictograms A picture used to symbolize a word or phrase. Pictograms were used to communicate basic information about crops and taxes.

Writing in Egypt Developed a system of writing called hieroglyphics

Hieroglyphics

Writing in Mesopotamia (Sumer) Developed a system of writing called cuneiform Made wedge-shaped marks in clay tablets

Alphabet Developed by the Phoenicians Non-pictographic and each symbol represents a sound.

Calligraphy Used in Ancient China. It is an artistic form of writing that is not only for communication but is also a considered art.

Power Poster Create a poster that describes the advantages of written language. Include as many forms of written language as you can brainstorm from what you learned today. Be creative and use pictures.

Class discussion Take a minute and write down some thoughts about the three questions in your notes. Thoughts?

Write the number that corresponds to the following: A) Europe B) North America C) South America D) Asia E) Australia F) Africa G) Egypt H) Mesopotamia I) India J) China K) Indian Ocean L) Pacific Ocean M) Atlantic Ocean N) Mediterranean Sea

Law Codes With the development of political patterns came the writing of law codes. Thousands of years before there was a Constitution in America, ancient river valley cultures recorded laws to enable the centralized government to organize and manage society.

The Ten Commandments Ten Commandments – according to the Hebrews, this moral code was given to their leader, Moses, by God. The Ten Commandments are followed by other major faiths, demonstrating the impact the Hebrew had on later civilizations.

Hammurabi’s Code Hammurabi’s Code – Hammurabi was a Babylonian King (a group who lived in the Fertile Crescent after Mesopotamian cultures declined or were conquered). He had the laws “written in stone”, so they would be publically know and more easily enforced.

Hammurabi’s Code Reading Read The Code of Hammurabi and answer the 3 questions at the beginning of the reading on a sheet of paper.

Hammurabi’s Code Quick Write Read Hammurabi’s Code #3 and #33 in your notes. Answer the quick write questions in your notes.

Complete the Social, Political, and Economic Quiz Warm-up Complete the Social, Political, and Economic Quiz

Summarizing activity Read The Hebrews. Then, using the 3-tiered Organizer, summarize the reading into 3 – 5 sentences (at least one sentence from each sub-heading.) Then, summarize those three to five sentences down to two sentences. Finally, summarize the two sentences down to one sentence.

The Hebrews The Hebrews lived in the Jordan River Valley

Development of Religious Traditions and Origins and Spread of Judaism Religion was a major part of life in all early civilizations. Development of religious traditions Polytheism was practiced by most early civilizations Monotheism was practiced by the Hebrews

The monotheism of Abraham became the foundation for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam – religions that changed the world. The Hebrews were the first to become monotheists. Origins of Judaism Abraham (founding father) Moses (author of the Torah, led the Hebrew slaves out of Egypt) Jerusalem (King David of Israel first established it as the capital of the united Kingdom of Israel in c. 1000 BCE)

Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Judaism Belief in one God (monotheism) Torah, which contains the written records and beliefs of the Jews Ten Commandments, which state moral and religious conducts Spread of Judaism Exile Diaspora From Israel From Judea

Rumper Sticker Write a “Rumper” Sticker for a camel in support of the Ten Commandments. It should encourage people to follow this moral code of behavior.

Read Egypt: New find shows slaves didn’t build pyramids (Update). Pair up for a reading Read Egypt: New find shows slaves didn’t build pyramids (Update). With a partner, answer the attached questions.

Homework As the pharaoh’s spy, you have been sent to report on rumors of the developing of a new faith. What would you tell him about the new faith (Judaism) arising in the desert? Please use a separate sheet of paper. You must include 4 characteristics of Judaism.

Language and Writing Mini Quiz Warm-up Language and Writing Mini Quiz

WHI.4a – The Persian Empire Reading on Persepolis…..answer questions.

The Persian Empire The Persian Empire conquered Mesopotamia and so much more!! Where was the Persian Empire?

Built on earlier Central Asian and Mesopotamian civilizations Persia developed the largest empire in the world Conquered Mesopotamia and adjacent lands

How did Persia govern its empire? Focus in conquering more land to expand religion but… Tolerance of conquered peoples Development of imperial bureaucracy – to manage vast lands acquired Road system to connect the empire for military movements and communication Zoroastrianism as a religion – monotheistic, based on struggle between good and evil

Class Discussion: What is different about the Persian Empire than other cultures we have studies so far?

Read and Summarize: Mesopotamia and the Persian Empire Carefully read this and on the organizer below, write a single summary sentence for each characteristic and then one summary sentence for the reading as a whole.

Homework Bureaucracy Reading

Indus River Valley and Classic India Classical Indian civilization Started in the Indus River Valley Spread to Ganges River Valley Then to the rest of the subcontinent Little interruption because of the location

Location, Location, Location Physical barriers, such as the Himalayas, the Hindu Kush, and the Indian Ocean, made invasion difficult

Migration into India Mountain passes in the Hindu Kush provided migration routes into the Indian subcontinent

Rivers The Indus and Ganges were the important rivers in the Indian subcontinent

Civilizations Harappa Mohenjo-Daro Showed signs of urban planning

Let’s turn back to our map…

Write a summary sentence for Indus River Civilization Patterns

Reading: Everyday Life in Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa Complete the reading and answer the questions in your notes.

Aryan Invasion Aryans (Indo-Aryans) Migration, assertion of dominance Caste system, which influenced all social interactions and choices of occupations

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oh_xvKLhZHg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j31veR74gSo

Briefly explain what your day would be like if you were of the ________________ caste:

Golden Age of India During the Golden Age of classical Indian culture, Indian people made significant contributions to world civilization.

Indus River Valley & Classical India Reading Summarize the reading into the chart provided in your notes.

Mauryan Empire – Asoka Continued political unification of much of India Contributions: Spread of Buddhism, free hospitals, veterinary clinics, good roads

Asoka Video

Asoka and the spread of Buddhism

Pillars of Asoka

Pillars of Asoka

Gupta Empire Golden Age of classical Indian culture Contributions: Mathematics (concept of zero), medical advances (setting bones), astronomy (concept of a round earth), new textiles, literature

Hinduism and Buddhism

Hinduism

Hinduism and Buddhism Reading on henotheism in Hinduism. Why does Hinduism have so many gods?

Hinduism Important contribution to classical India Hinduism influenced Indian society and culture and is still practiced in India today

Beliefs and History Belief in many forms of one God Reincarnation: Rebirth based upon Karma Karma: Knowledge that all thoughts and actions result in future consequences Vedas and Upanishads: Sacred writings Spread along major trade routes

Buddhism

Buddhist Reading

Buddhism Founded by Siddhartha Gautama in a part of India that is present day Nepal. Buddhism became a major faith when Asoka sent missionaries throughout Asia Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) Four Noble Truths Eightfold Path to Enlightenment Asoka’s missionaries and their writings spread Buddhism from India to China and other parts of Asia

Homework Compare and Contrast Hinduism and Buddhism

China Let’s look at the map Huang He (Yellow) Great Wall Silk Road

Classical China Centered on the Huang He (Yellow) River Geographically isolated Invaders entered China from the North The Great Wall was built for China’s protection. Migratory invaders raided Chinese settlements from the North. Qin Shi Huangdi built the Great Wall as a line of defense against invasions.

China was governed by a succession of ruling families called dynasties Chinese rulers were considered divine, but they served under a Mandate of Heaven only as long as their rule was just.

Contributions of classical China The Silk Road facilitated trade and contact between China and other cultures as far away as Rome. Contributions of classical China Civil service system (people had to take an exam in order to get government jobs) Paper Porcelain Silk

Quick Draw Mandate of Heaven

Chinese culture began around 1500 BCE Chinese culture began around 1500 BCE. Of Chinese contributions to civilization, Confucianism and Taoism are among the most noted.

Confucianism Read the Understanding Confucianism article. Keep in mind: Founder When it was founded Beliefs Writings

Confucianism Video Watch the Confucianism video. Keep in mind: Founder When it was founded Beliefs Writings

Impact of Confucianism in forming the social order in China Belief that humans are good, not bad Respect for elders Code of politeness (still used in Chinese society today) Emphasis on education Ancestor worship

Taoism Read the Understanding Taoism article. Keep in mind: Founder When it was founded Beliefs Writings

Taoism video Watch the Taoism video. Keep in mind: Founder When it was founded Beliefs Writings

Impact of Taoism in forming Chinese culture and values Humility Simple life and inner peace Harmony with nature

Yin and yang represented opposites for Confucianism and Taoism Chinese forms of Buddhism spread throughout Asia

Which was more important? Great Wall or Silk Road

Confucius Reading

Big Idea in your own words LAO TSE POEM Big Idea in your own words

Generalization Review facts about each of the topics we have studies below. Write one clear sentence with a narrow generalization under which all information could fit.

Judaism Zoroastrianism Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Taoism

Founder Books Mono/Poly Beliefs Where