Unit 2 Mendel and Heredity

 Co-dominant Inheritance  Multiple Allelic Inheritance  Sex-Linked Inheritance  Polygenic Inheritance  Trisomy/Monosomy  Recessive/Dominant Traits  Pedigree’s

Unit 2 - Mendelian Genetics (Ch. 10 & 12) 1.Define Genetics & Heredity 2.Interpret a pedigree with inherited traits 3.Identify key terms, including: Homozygous, Heterozygous, Hybrid, Purebred, Pedigree, Genotype, Phenotype, Parental generation (P1), First Filial (F1) generation, 4.Predict outcomes of genetic crosses, including complete inheritance, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, sex-linked, polygenic, and dihybrid crosses. 5.Analyze Punnett Squares & predict the expected phenotypic & genotypic ratios 6.Describe the Law of Independent Assortment and the Law of Segregation 7.Explain the difference between dominant and recessive traits 8.Identify the different forms of a gene 9.Compare/contrast somatic and gametic cells in Haploid and Diploid 10.Identify what a Karyotype is and how it can be used to identify genetic mutations 11.Distinguish among Dominant & Recessive conditions & those in which an extra chromosome exists or is removed

 4: Same as a 3.0 but I can make inferences & application to the SWBAT’s  3: I COMPLETELY understand all parts of the SWBAT  2: I understand MOST of the SWBAT’s with teacher help  1:I understand a little of the SWBAT’s but need teacher help  0:I do NOT understand any part of the SWBAT’s and need help!

III. Complex Inheritance of Human Traits A. Codominance in Humans 1. Sickle-cell anemia altered hemoglobin resulting in a halfmoon shaped red blood cell.

Multiple Alleles in Humans 1. ABO blood group - single gene with multiple alleles

C. Sex-Linked Traits in Humans A son receives X from mom, Y from dad. If X has recessive trait, the son will express the trait. *denoted as a superscript of X or Y Ex. X H X h or X h Y a.Red-green color blindness b. Hemophilia

D. Polygeneic Inheritance in Humans - trait controlled by two or more genes - results in a wide range of (many) phenotypes *all heterozygotes are intermediate in phenotype. ex. Skin color, eye color, height

E. Changes in Chromosome Numbers 1. trisomy three of a particular autosome *usually results from nondisjunction 2. Karyotype chart of chromosome pairs 3. Down syndrom trisomy of chromosome 21 *usually have some degree of mental retardation

4. Unusual number of sex chromosomes a. At least one Y chromosome = male b. No Y chromosome = female c. Cannot have children d. Varying degrees of mental disability

Karyotype Down’s syndrome

Klienfelter’s Syndrome Karyotype

Karyotype of Turner’s Syndrome

Simple Recessive Heredity In Humans Must receive the recessive trait from both parents to show the trait. Carrier- heterozygous individual, don't show trait 1. Cystic fibrosis formation/ accumulationof thick mucus in lungs and digestive tract.

It is most common in Caucasian- American children, occurring in about one in every 2,000 births. It is less common among African-American children, (about one in 17,000 births), and even more rare among Asian Americans (one in 100,000 births). The mode of inheritance is autosomal recessive, which means that the disease is inherited from both parents.

2. Taysachs disease absence of enzyme that breaks down a lipid produced in CNS *A hereditary disease that affects young children almost exclusively of eastern European Jewish descent, in which an enzyme deficiency leads to the accumulation of gangliosides in the brain and nerve tissue. *Tay-Sachs is an autosomal recessive disorder. *Live till age of 3

3. Phenylketonuria (PKU) absence of enzyme that breaks down amino acid phenylalanine. A mutation in a single gene causes PKU. This gene contains the instructions for making an enzyme needed to process the amino acid called phenylalanine. Without the enzyme necessary to process phenylalanine, a dangerous buildup of this amino acid can develop when a person with PKU eats foods that are high in protein, such as milk, cheese, nuts or meats. PKU is an autosomal recessive disease.

Simple Dominant Heredity 1. Only need to inherit the dominant trait from one parent to exhibit the trait. Ex: tongue roll, unattached earlobes, hitch hiker thumb

2. Huntington's disease results in breakdown of certain material in the brain - lethal a. onset of disease occurs between ages of 30-50

Huntington's disease is an inherited condition caused by an autosomal dominant disorder. Only one copy of the defective gene, inherited from either parent, is necessary to produce the disease. Because signs and symptoms typically appear in middle age, some parents may not know they carry the gene until they've already had children and possibly passed on the trait. Everyone who has the gene eventually develops Huntington's disease, if he or she lives long enough.

A. Making a Pedigree 1. Pedigree a graphic representation of genetic inheritance  male  female  shaded = affected  half shaded = carrier

 Roman numeral = generation  Arabic numbers = individual Animation

Go to the following link to read more about Pedigree’s and Heredity. Read “Concepts 13”. You can also select the animation at the top for more. Pedigree's and Heredity

B. Environmental Influences 1. External - temperature, nutrition, light, chemicals, infectious agents 2. Internal - hormone levels, age

Unit 2 - Mendelian Genetics (Ch. 10 & 12) 1.Define Genetics & Heredity 2.Interpret a pedigree with inherited traits 3.Identify key terms, including: Homozygous, Heterozygous, Hybrid, Purebred, Pedigree, Genotype, Phenotype, Parental generation (P1), First Filial (F1) generation, 4.Predict outcomes of genetic crosses, including complete inheritance, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, sex-linked, polygenic, and dihybrid crosses. 5.Analyze Punnett Squares & predict the expected phenotypic & genotypic ratios 6.Describe the Law of Independent Assortment and the Law of Segregation 7.Explain the difference between dominant and recessive traits 8.Identify the different forms of a gene 9.Compare/contrast somatic and gametic cells in Haploid and Diploid 10.Identify what a Karyotype is and how it can be used to identify genetic mutations 11.Distinguish among Dominant & Recessive conditions & those in which an extra chromosome exists or is removed

 4: Same as a 3.0 but I can make inferences & application to the SWBAT’s  3: I COMPLETELY understand all parts of the SWBAT  2: I understand MOST of the SWBAT’s with teacher help  1:I understand a little of the SWBAT’s but need teacher help  0:I do NOT understand any part of the SWBAT’s and need help!