تعود الكلمة الانجليزية المقابلة للعلاج النفسي (psychotherapy) إلى جذرين اغريقيين ،حيث يعنى الجدر المقابل لكلمة therapy)) علاج في اسمه خادم وفي فعله يخدم،

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Presentation transcript:

تعود الكلمة الانجليزية المقابلة للعلاج النفسي (psychotherapy) إلى جذرين اغريقيين ،حيث يعنى الجدر المقابل لكلمة therapy)) علاج في اسمه خادم وفي فعله يخدم، أما الكلمة ( نفسي ) psycho فتعني العقل أو العمليات العقلية أي يعني علاج العقل. يشير العلاج النفسي في أصله اللغوي الى عملية يقوم فيها شخص بدور المساعد لشخص اخر في مجال العمليات العقلية. يشمل المصطلح كل الطرق التي تؤثر في السلوك الانساني بما في ذلك الجراحات واستخدام العقاقير ،في حين أن السيكولوجي درج على قصر المصطلح على الطرق التي يتحقق فيها تأثير سيكولوجي على الشخص الذي يخضع للعلاج فهو لا يدرج في استخدامه لمصطلح العلاج النفسي التأثيرات الفسيولوجية كما يحدث في استخدام العقاقير المهدئة أو المضادة للأكتئاب، بينما يعتبر استخدام القرص الخداعي placebo طريقة من طرق العلاج النفسي.

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تعريف كورشين للعلاج النفسي : محادثة لها هدف علاجي أو على حد قول “ أنا “ والتي كان علاجها بداية التحليل النفسي ( الشفاء الكلامي ) talking cure ، فهى تصف أي تطبيق مقصود للأساليب السيكولوجية بواسطة اكلينيكي بغرض تحقيق تغيير مقصود في الشخصية أو في السلوك. فالكلام يشكل جزءا فقط من العلاج النفسي ، لأنه ليس كل علاج نفسي له تأثير علاجى دائما،فقد يحدث تغييرات علاجية دون علاج نفسي ( الشفاء التلقائي ) محورالعلاج النفسي هو علاقة فريدة بين اكلنيكي وعميل يحدث بينهما اتصال يمكن أن يخفف من المعاناة وأن يهيئ الظروف لاعادة التعلم والنمو الشخصي.

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تعريف فابريكانت للعلاج النفسي : بأنه طريقة للعمل مع المرضى / العملاء لمساعدتهم على تغيير وتعديل أو انقاص العوامل التي تعوق ممارسة الحياة بفعالية. ويتضمن العلاج النفسي تفاعلا بين المعالج والعميل / المريض في عملية تحقيق هذا الهدف حيث تتوقف الطريقة المعينة المستخدمة على الأعراض والصعوبات المقدمة ،وعلى خصائص العميل والمدرسة العلاجية التي ينتمي اليها المعالج.

تعريف جيروم فرانك : ( العلاج النفسي هو تفاعل مخطط ومشحون انفعاليا بين معالج مدرب ومعتمد من المجتمع وبين شخص يعاني من مشكلة. وفي هذا التفاعل يسعى المعالج الى تخفيف شعور الشخص بالانضغاط والعجز من خلال التواصل الرمزي _ الكلمات أساسا ،ولكن أحيانا من خلال الأنشطة البدنية. وقد يشرك المعالج أو لا يشرك أقارب المريض على والأخرين في العمليات العلاجية ،ويشمل العلاج النفسي أيضا مساعدة المريض على تقبل وتحمل المعاناة بوصفها جانبا لا مفر منه في الحياة. ويمكن استخدامه بوصفه فرصة للنمو الشخصي )

في اطار هذا التعريف يميز فرانك العلاج النفسي عن غيره من أنواع المساعدة بالجوانب التالية : 1. الاعداد الأكاديمي والمهني للمعالج والترخيص له من قبل المؤسسات الرسمية بممارسة العلاج. 2. لا يحاول المعالج اشباع حاجات شخصية لديه ولا يطلب من العميل اشباع حاجات شخصية لديه ولا يطلب من العميل اشباع حاجات انفعالية شخصية له. 3. لا يخشى المريض من التعبير الحر عن مشاعره خوفا من ايذاء مشاعر المعالج. 4. اجراءات العلاج على عكس المساعدات غير الرسمية ،تحكمها وتحددها تصورات ونظريات.

الطرح : - هي اتجاهات تنقل من الخبرات المبكرة وتسقط الآن على المعالج. - قد يكون الشعور بالدفء والاحترام نحو شخص آخر أمرا طبيعيا ، إلا أنه ليس من المناسب أن يشعر العميل بحب قوي نحو المعالج أو شوق إلى علاقة جنسية معه. - يرى المحللون أن مثل هذه المشاعر هي تعبيرات محبوسة منذ المراحل الاولى في الحياة وبخاصة تجاه الوالدين ، وتحليل مثل هذه المشاعر أمر أساسي وهام في العلاج التحليلي لأنه ينقل إلى الشعور الحاضر صراعات حاسمة وعادة مكبوتة من الماضي. - يجب ملاحظة أن ظروف العلاج التحليلي ومنها تواتر الجلسات لمدد طويلة وتشجيع التعبير عن الأخيلة اللاشعورية والتوجه اللاشخصي للمعالج يشجع قيام الطرح.

- ظاهرة اسقاط أو طرح المشاعر تحدث في أي نوع من العلاج ، ويتعين على المعالج أن يكون مستعدا لمواجهتها كما يتعين عليه أن يميز بين استجابات الطرح وغيرها من الاستجابات. - قد يكون من الصعب التمييز بين المشاعر الملائمة التي تستند إلى واقع معاش في الجلسة وبين مشاعر مبالغ فيها تكمن جذورها في حاجات عصابية في تاريخ حياة المريض.

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CONCLUSION 54 Pure client centered psycho therapy as originally practiced is rarely used today. But it opened the way for a variety of humanistically oriented therapies in which focus is the client’s present conscious problems and in which it is assumed that the client is the primary actor in the curative process, with the therapist essentially being the facilitator.

Client-Centerd Psychotherapy Yousef Z. Abuowda

IntroductionIntroduction History and InfluencesHistory and Influences Carl R. RogersCarl R. Rogers ProcessesProcesses 56

Other Names Nondirective therapy(old) Person-centered therapy person-centered counseling Humanistic approach Client-centered therapy Rogerian psychotherapy. 57

58 Client vs. Patient Introduced the term “client” Believed in the equality of client and therapist

Definition A Non-directive method of group or individual psychotherapy, originated by Carl Rogers 1940s-1950s, in which the therapist's role is to listen to and then reflect or restate without judgment or interpretation the words of the client. 59

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Assumptions 62 People are trustworthy by nature They have the capacity to understand and resolve their own problems They are innately resourceful and capable Clients can understand what is making them unhappy

Goals 63 Clients

64 Greater degree of independence Focus on the person, not the problem Must first get through the masks clients wear to get to the goal

History and influences The first empirical evidence of the effectiveness of the client-centered approach was published in 1941 at the Ohio State University. Rogers is the first individual in the line of therapists. 65

Some scientists view to this method Freud's therapeutic methods have been accepted  +ve view. Rank, Taft, and Allen, superficial acceptance of the general "client-centered" nature of their approach, with no critical evaluation of the extent of therapist-direction in their work  –ve view. 66

Current Trends In Nondirective Therapy Today, it is one of the most widely used approaches in psychotherapy in all psychotherapies centers known simply as Rogerian therapy. 67

Carl R. Rogers -Nobel price- He : 1.) introduced the systematic use of the "recognition of feeling" response. 2.) gave orientation of "client-as- central-figure" philosophy. 3.) gave a new, more exact, and deeper meaning to the concept of "acceptance" of the client. 68

Techniques used 69 Listening Accepting Respecting Understanding Responding

Effective with 70 Anxiety disorder Alcoholism Psychosomatic problems Agoraphobia Interpersonal difficulties Depression Cancer Marriage and family Others

Frequency of Therapy 71 No strict guidelines Usually therapists adhere to a one-hour session once per week Scheduling may be adjusted according to the client's expressed needs Termination usually occurs when he or she feels able to better cope with life's difficulties

How does this therapy work ? Client- Centered Psychological Contact Client in- congruence, or Vulnerability Therapist Congruence, or Genuineness Therapist Empathic understanding Therapist Unconditional Positive Regard Client Perception 72

Rogers (1957; 1959) stated that there are six necessary and sufficient conditions required for therapeutic change: How does this therapy work ? Therapist-Client Psychological Contact: a relationship between client and therapist must exist, and it must be a relationship in which each person's perception of the other is important. Client in-congruence, or Vulnerability: that in- congruence exists between the client's experience and awareness. Furthermore, the client is vulnerable or anxious which motivates them to stay in the relationship. 73

Therapist Congruence, or Genuineness: the therapist is congruent within the therapeutic relationship. The therapist is deeply involved him or herself - they are not "acting" - and they can draw on their own experiences (self-disclosure) to facilitate the relationship. Therapist Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR): the therapist accepts the client unconditionally, without judgment, disapproval or approval. This facilitates increased self-regard in the client, as they can begin to become aware of experiences in which their view of self-worth was distorted by others. 74

Therapist Empathic understanding: the therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference. Accurate empathy on the part of the therapist helps the client believe the therapist's unconditional love for them. Client Perception: that the client perceives, to at least a minimal degree, the therapist's UPR and empathic understanding. 75

Therapist Function and Role 76 Be an instrument for change Be present and accessible Congruence Empathy Unconditional Positive Regard

Processes successful therapy= therapist's attitude Congruence Unconditional Positive Regard Empathy 77

Rogers believed that the most important factor in successful therapy is the therapist's attitude. There are three interrelated attitudes on the part of the therapist: Congruence - the willingness to relate to clients without hiding behind a professional facade. Unconditional Positive Regard - therapist accepting client for who he or she is without disapproving feelings, actions or characteristics. It shows the willingness to listen without interrupting, judging or giving advice. Empathy - understand and appreciate the client's feeling throughout the therapy session. According to Rogers, a therapist with these three attitudes would allow the client to express their feelings freely without having the feeling that they are being judged. The therapist does not attempt to change the client's way of thinking in order to explore the issues that are most important to them. 78

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CONCLUSION 80 Pure client centered psycho therapy as originally practiced is rarely used today. But it opened the way for a variety of humanistically oriented therapies in which focus is the client’s present conscious problems and in which it is assumed that the client is the primary actor in the curative process, with the therapist essentially being the facilitator.

References The Development of Nondirective Therapy Nathaniel J. Raskin University of Chicago Originally published in the Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1948, 12, Youtube.com Google / img 81

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Yousef Z. Abuowda 83