AP Psychology Unit #7 Notes – Day #1 Stress & Personality Theories

Stress & Health Brain – Still Questionable if affected – usually manifests in headaches Heart Overeating weight gain Can lead to other issues high blood pressure – stroke Diabetes Cardiovascular System Immune System – can break down – easier to get sick Lack of Sleep – leads to immune system problems Work Sleep Debt Sexual Disorders

Stress & Work High Stress Jobs? – Create a List Low Stress Jobs? – Create a List

Personality Theories

Freud His theories are dead today, so why do we study them? Foundation for all other fields/subfields of Psychology

What is Personality? An individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence ones personality 1 st Comprehensive theory of personality Unconscious Psychosexual Stages Defense Mechanisms

Free Association Freud’s Idea – patient just talks about whatever comes to mind Psychoanalytic – Multiple Session each week – 3 to 5 Psychodynamic – Less sessions 1 or 2 a week Look at the role of the unconscious the time

Id – Ego - Superego Id – Immediate Gratification, Basic Drives, Pleasure Principle Ego – Reality, gratifies the Id’s impulses Superego – Conscious – opposite of the Id The ego balances the Id/Superego Ego will gratify the Id at the right time

Psychosexual Development Five Stages 1.Oral: 0 – 18 months, mouth 2.Anal: months, bowels 3.Phallic: 3-6 years, genitals 4.Latency: 6-Puberty, feelings 5.Genital: Puberty into adulthood, maturing interests

Oedipus Complex In psychoanalytic theory A desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the opposite sex and a sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex A crucial stage in the normal developmental process Freud introduced the concept in his Interpretation of Dreams (1899)

Defense Mechanisms Rationalization – self deception Projection – don’t like an attribute so you give it to someone else Displacement – physical or verbal transfer – you let someone have it Reaction Formation – uncomfortable so act opposite, hit call someone bad names

Projective Testing Clients or patients project their feelings or interests in therapy TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) Testing – pictures – what is the theme Rorschach Ink Blot Testing – series of 10 inkblots

Neo-Freudians Adler – studied inferiority complexes Horney – studied the male bias in research looked to balance it out Jung – studied the collective unconsciousness

Humanistic Perspective: Maslow & Rogers Maslow - Father of Humanistic Psychology. Theory is based on the notion that experience is the primary phenomenon in the study of human learning and behavior. He placed emphasis on choice, creativity, values, self-realization, all distinctively human qualities, Believed that meaningfulness and subjectivity were more important than objectivity. Maslow rejected behaviorist views and Freud's theories, he felt Freud's view of human nature was negative Also, Freud concentrated on the mentally ill, and Maslow was interested in healthy human psychology.

Carl Rogers Added to Maslow that for a person to "grow", they need an environment that provides them with: Genuineness (openness and self-disclosure) Acceptance (being seen with unconditional positive regard) Empathy (being listened to and understood) Believed that humans have one basic motive: The tendency to self-actualize - i.e. to fulfill one's potential “ Like a flower that will grow to its full potential if the conditions are right, but which is constrained by its environment, so people will flourish and reach their potential if their environment is good enough.”