1. PSYCHOANALYSIS: 2. HUMANISTIC: 3. COGNITIVE: 4. BEHAVIORAL: 5. SOCIAL-CULTURAL: 6. BIOLOGICAL: 7. EVOLUTIONARY: Write the key word/phrase that best summarizes each perspective:

Theories of Personality

REPRESSED MEMORIES AND URGES IN THE UNCONSCIOUS CREATE PERSONALITY. Psychoanalytic

Sigmund Freud Free Association Dream Analysis Id, Ego, Superego Defense Mechanisms Psychosexual stages Complex/Fixation Identification

Karen Horney Childhood Anxiety Womb Envy

Alfred Adler Inferiority Complex Overcompensation Birth Order

Carl Jung Collective Unconscious Archetypes

Evaluation Projective Tests Evaluation

Criticism Too much Sex and Aggression Too little consciousness Generalized from “neurotic” to normal Can’t measure Not enough peer influence Lifelong Development Unconscious = Information Processing Repression is rare

EMPHASIZES FREEDOM, UNIQUENESS, AND POTENTIAL FOR PERSONAL GROWTH PHENOMEMOLOGICAL APPROACH: SUBJECTIVE AWARENESS IS MOST IMPORTANT. Humanistic

Carl Rogers Person-Centered Genuine, Acceptance & Empathy Self Concept Congruent or Incongruent Self Concept Conditional vs. Unconditional Positive Regard

Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Self Actualization Healthy Personality Characteristics

Evaluation Interviews Preferred Ideal vs. Actual Self

Criticisms Western Culture Bias Subjective Could lead to selfishness, immorality and self indulgence

FOCUS ON GENES & PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PERSONALITY Trait/Biological

William Sheldon Body Type = Personality Ectomorph Endomorph Mesomorph

Gordon Allport Cardinal Central Secondary

Hans & Sybil Eysenck 2-3 Dimensions Factor Analysis

Norman, Costa & McCrae Big 5 Factors

Raymond Cattell 16 Personality Factors

Evaluation MMPI MMPI-2 Myers-Briggs 16 PF Big 5 Factors Peer Review

Criticisms Couldn’t replicate Sheldon’s findings Person or Situation?  Mischel = Situation Expressive Style is not always consistent

PERSONALITY IS A COLLECTION OF RESPONSE TENDENCIES TO STIMULUS SITUATIONS Behaviorism

B. F. Skinner Positive & Negative Reinforcement Extinction Punishment

Evaluation Monitor observable behaviors

Criticism Disregards cognition

PERSONALITY EVOLVES FROM INTERACTION OF THE PERSON, HIS/HER THOUGHTS AND SOCIAL CONTEXT Social-Cognitive

Alfred Bandura Reciprocal Determinism Personal Control: External vs. Internal

Martin Seligman Learned Helplessness Locus of Control

Fritz Heider Attributional Style: How events are blamed/explained Internal or External Weiner: Internal, Stable, Global

Evaluation Simulation Look at behavior in past similar situations

Criticisms Too much situation focus Traits have a tendency to shine Too narrow: Leaves a lot of questions

FOCUSES ON THE EFFECT OF ONE’S SENSE OF SELF IN PERSONALITY Self Psychology

Hazel Markus Dream of Becoming Fear of Becoming

Thomas Gilovich Spotlight Effect Self-Serving Bias Culture & The Self  High/Low Self Esteem  Individualist vs. Collectivist

Evaluation Look at common personality characteristics within cultures Solitary Traveler?