“I BELIEVE IN MY UNIQUENESS. THE POWER OF MY SOUL IS FATHOMLESS. THE WHOLE WORLD IS MINE. I WILL GO WHEREVER I WANT, HAVE WHATEVER I DESIRE, AND GET WHATEVER I NEED. I WILL SERVE EVERYONE REGARDLESS OF RELIGION, CASTE OR CREED.” Motivation

What is Motivation? Motivation concerns the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms…

Approaches of Motivation Instinct Approaches: Born to Be Motivated Drive-Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs Arousal Approaches: Beyond Drive Reduction Incentive Approaches: Motivation’s Pull Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts Behind Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs

Instinct Approaches Instincts: Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned. Motivation relates to the factors that direct and energize behavior. People and animals are born with preprogrammed Sets of behaviors essential to their survival. Instincts play important role in directing our behavior.

Drive-Reduction Approaches Theories suggesting that a lack some basic biological requirement such as water, produces a drive to obtain that requirement (in this case,.the thirst drive). Drive Motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need. Example: hunger, thirst, sleepiness, sex.

Temperature too high Expansion of blood vessels in skin Sweating Temperature too low constriction of blood vessels in skin shivering Homeostasis The body’s tendency to maintain a steady internal state.

Arousal Approaches The belief that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity increasing or reducing them as necessary.

Incentive Approaches This theory suggesting that motivation in the terms of the external stimuli, the incentives that direct and energize behavior.

Cognitive Approaches Theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people’s thoughts, expectations, and goals— their cognitions.

Maslow’s Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs Maslow’s hierarchy suggests that there are five basic needs: Physiological safety love and belongingness esteem and self-actualization Only after the more basic needs are fulfilled can a person move toward meeting higher-order needs.

FIGURE 3: Maslow’s hierarchy shows how our motivation progresses up the pyramid from the broadest, most fundamental biological needs to higher-order ones. Do you agree that lower-order needs must be satisfied before higher-order needs? Do hermits and monks who attempt to fulfill spiritual needs while denying basic physical needs contradict Maslow’s hierarchy? (After Maslow, 1970.)

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