Business Communication Ethics Includes material from Guffey text Ch 1

What would you do? You are driving along in your two-seater car on a very stormy night. You pass by a bus stop, and you see three people waiting for the bus: 1. An old lady who looks like she is about to die. 2. An old friend who once saved your life. 3. The perfect man/woman you have been dreaming about. Which one would you choose to offer a ride to, knowing that there could only be one passenger in your car?

Stages of Ethical Decisions Moral Awareness Moral Judgment/ Intent Moral Behavior

Moral Awareness Violation of a Behavioral Norm Motive (accidental, intentional) Strength (consensus, personal) Relevance (observer, violator) Harm Nature (financial, physical, psychological, etc.) Level (individual, group, societal) Strength (magnitude/concentration of impact) Time Frame (potential, realized)

Moral Judgment/Intent Internal focus impact on me, my family, my career External focus alignment with other’s expectations of me alignment with community norms Integrated focus impact on my view of myself alignment with my internal set of values/ beliefs of justice (equity, dignity, reciprocity)

Moral Behavior Individual Characteristics Courage Internalization of values/beliefs (strength of convictions) Risk sensitivity (likely reaction/impact on me of action/non-action) Environment Characteristics Norms/expectations Likely reaction/impact of my action/non-action on issue

Examples of Unethical Behavior by Corporations Financial Harm Enron Tyco Worldcom Adelphia Psychological Harm Beach Nut Baby Apple Juice Physical Harm Phillip-Morris Cigarettes Ford Pinto Firestone Tires Nestle Baby Formula

Goals of Ethical Communication Telling the truth half truths exaggerations deceptions

Goals of Ethical Communication Labeling Opinions differentiating between facts (quantifiable and/or verifiable) and opinions (beliefs that are not verified) stating opinions as if they were facts is unethical

Goals of Ethical Communication Being Objective recognize your own biases and keep them from distorting your message honest reporting means presenting the whole picture and relating all facts fairly

Goals of Ethical Communication Communicating Clearly use simple language comprehensible to average reader short sentences, simple words, clear organization

Goals of Ethical Communication Giving Credit referring to originators’ names within the text using quotation marks documenting sources

Five Common Ethical Traps False-necessity Doctrine-of-relative-filth Rationalization Self-deception Ends-justify-the-means

Tools for Doing the Right Thing

Rotary 4-Way Test Of the things we think, say or do: Is it the TRUTH? Is it FAIR to all concerned? Will it build GOODWILL and BETTER FRIENDSHIPS? Will it be BENEFICIAL to all concerned?"

Framework for Identifying and Resolving Ethical Issues (source: Dunn & Bradstreet) 1. Why is this bothering me? Am I genuinely perplexed? Am I afraid to do what I know is right? 2. Who else matters? Implications for customers, peers shareholders? How does the problem appear from the other side? 3. Is it my responsibility? What will happen if I do/don’t act? 4. What is the ethical concern? Legal obligation? Honesty, fairness, promise- keeping, avoiding harm? 5. Whom can give me advice? Supervisor, peers, HR, legal, ethics hot line? 6. Am I being true to myself? Consistency with my values and personal commitments? With company values? Can I share my decision with family, colleagues, customers? Can I see my decision on the front page of the newspaper?

Markkula Center for Applied Ethics (Santa Clara College) 1. What benefits and harms are produced  which action best overall? 2. What moral rights to the parties have  which action respects those rights? 3. Which action treats all equally? 4. Which action advances the common good? 5. Which action develops moral virtue?

Creating Ethical Companies Behavior standards Law Professional/trade assoc. codes Community concept of morality Individual conscience Organizational policies

Creating Ethical Companies Ethical culture Code of ethics, ethics training, social audit Managers lead by example Ethical infrastructure Hiring processes Evaluation processes Monitoring/control processes Identification/punishment of unethical behavior Incentivise/reward ethical behavior

Ethical Communication = Honesty/Integrity “Being honest means more than not deceiving. For leaders within organizations, being honest means do not promise what you can’t deliver, do not misrepresent, do not hide behind spin-doctored evasions, do not suppress obligations, do not evade accountability, do not accept that the ‘survival of the fittest’ pressures of business release any of us from the responsibility to respect another’s dignity and humanity.” Dalla Costa The Ethical Imperative 1998

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