Figure 1. Illustrating confounders with a directed acyclic graph. A.A. Akinkugbe et al. J DENT RES 2016;0022034516639920 Copyright © by International &

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Presentation transcript:

Figure 1. Illustrating confounders with a directed acyclic graph. A.A. Akinkugbe et al. J DENT RES 2016; Copyright © by International & American Associations for Dental Research

Figure 2. Illustrating confounders and mediators with a directed acyclic graph and the unintended consequences of estimating direct causal effects by adjusting for mediators. A.A. Akinkugbe et al. J DENT RES 2016; Copyright © by International & American Associations for Dental Research

Figure 3. Illustrating colliders with a directed acyclic graph and the unintended consequences of adjusting for colliders. A.A. Akinkugbe et al. J DENT RES 2016; Copyright © by International & American Associations for Dental Research

Figure 4. Illustrating with a directed acyclic graph, variables that are simultaneously confounders and mediators and the unintended consequences of adjusting for such variables. A.A. Akinkugbe et al. J DENT RES 2016; Copyright © by International & American Associations for Dental Research

Figure 5. The causal effect of received treatment on health care cost is confounded by compliance. A.A. Akinkugbe et al. J DENT RES 2016; Copyright © by International & American Associations for Dental Research