Ch. 14: A New Industrial Age

Section 1: The Expansion of Industry After Civil War, U.S. still mainly agricultural Becomes leading industrial power ◦Natural resources ◦Govt support for business ◦Growing urban population

1859- Edwin L. Drake Started oil boom Immense amount of coal and iron Brooklyn Bridge

Inventions Thomas Alva Edison By electricity running machines typewriter Alexander Graham Bell ◦Telephone

Section 2: Age of Railroads Transcontinental railroad C.F. Dowd proposed 24 time zones across the earth Towns and cities grew along railroads Interstate Commerce Act- 1887

Economics Laissez-faire Adam Smith- Wealth of Nations Capitalism Socialism ◦Karl Marx- The Communist Manifesto

Section 3: Big Business and Labor Stock & Corporations Carnegie Steel Company ◦Andrew Carnegie ◦Better management practices Vertical integration ◦Bought out suppliers ◦To control raw materials/transportation needed Horizontal integration ◦Buy out competition

Social Darwinism Charles Darwin- On the Origin of Species (1859) ◦Natural selection Herbert Spencer applied this to human society Supported laissez-faire

Monopolies Standard Oil Company ◦John D. Rockefeller ◦trusts Robber barons

Sherman-Antitrust Act illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries

Labor Unions Exploitation and unsafe working conditions ◦Long hours, no vacation, sick leave, unemployment compensation, reimbursement for injuries ◦ killed each week Joined unions to try to improve conditions National Labor Union (NLU) Knights of Labor(KoL) ◦arbitration

Labor Unions American Federation of Labor (AFL) ◦Collective bargaining ◦strikes Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Strikes Great Railroad Strike (1877) Haymarket Affair (1886) ◦Turned public against labor movement Homestead Steel Strike (1892) Pullman Strike (1894) ◦blacklisting

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory NYC- March 25, 1911

Ch. 15: Immigration and Urbanization

Section 1: The New Immigrants

Europeans : 20 million Before western/northern Europe After Southern/eastern Europe Religious persecution, overpopulation, spirit of reform

Chinese and Japanese : 300,000 Chinese ◦California gold rush ◦Built railroads, farming, mining, domestic service, businesses : 200,000 Japanese ◦Work, higher wages

West Indies and Mexico : 260,000 from West Indies ◦Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico ◦jobs Early 1900s: 700,000 Mexicans ◦Jobs, escape political turmoil

The Journey By 1870s- all immigrants traveled by steamship ◦Atlantic- 1 week; Pacific- 3 weeks Had to be admitted to U.S. Pass inspection at immigration station

Ellis Island New York Harbor : Chief immigration station in U.S. 17 million came through Only 2% denied Took hours to be processed ◦Physical exam ◦Govt inspector

Angel Island San Francisco Bay : 50,000 Chinese passed through Worse conditions than Ellis Island

Ethnic Communities Sought people who were like them Americans saw as threat to American way of life

Restrictions Melting pot ◦Mixture of different backgrounds ◦Blend by abandoning native languages/customs Nativism ◦Favoritism toward native-born Americans ◦Demanded immigration restrictions

Restrictions “Right” immigrants ◦British, German, Scandinavian ◦Protestant “Wrong” immigrants ◦Slavic, Latin, Asian ◦Catholic, Jewish

Restrictions West- workers feared competition with Chinese ◦Depression of Chinese Exclusion Act ◦Banned entry to all Chinese for 10 years ◦Not repealed until 1943

Gentlemen’s Agreement Japan’s govt limited emigration of unskilled workers U.S. agreed to repeal segregation in San Francisco

Section 2: Challenges of Urbanization Urbanization mostly in NE and Midwest Most immigrants settle in cities Americanization movement Later 1800s- Farming became more efficient

Urban Problems Tenements Mass transit Water ◦Cholera, typhoid Sanitation

Reforms Social Gospel movement Settlement houses Jane Addams ◦1889- Hull House

Section 3: Politics in the Gilded Age Glittering exterior hid corruption and gap between rich and poor The Political Machine ◦The political boss Voter fraud Graft

The Tweed Ring Boss Tweed (William M. Tweed) Head of Tammany Hall ◦NYC’s Democratic political machine

Patronage and Civil Service Presidents Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, and Chester A. Arthur Pendleton Civil Service Act ◦Bipartisan appointments based on merit

Ch. 16: Life at the Turn of the 20 th Century

Section 1: Science and Urban Life Skyscrapers Trolley cars Suspension bridges December 17, Kitty Hawk North Carolina ◦Orville and Wilbur Wright

Section 2: Expanding Public Education Late 1800s- laws requiring children 8-14 to attend school Expansion of kindergarten and high school Segregation

Section 3: Segregation and Discrimination Literacy tests Poll tax Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson

Section 4: The Dawn of Mass Culture Leisure Amusement parks, bicycling, theater, spectator sports

Mass Culture Spread of newspapers, magazines, books Mark Twain Department stores Modern advertising