Do Now 9-13 Why did immigrants want to come to America? What were the 2 check in points? How were they treated? What is mass transit? How did this impact people living in the cities? Riddle: What do you drop when you need it, and pick up when you don’t?

Section 2: The Urban World

The Changing City Cities had a huge population growth; they needed more room= skyscrapers. Elisha Otis invented the elevator, so it didn’t matter about climbing stairs.

Louis Sullivan: Bayard Bldg., NYC, 1897

Woolwor th Bldg. NYC

Flatiron Building NYC – 1902 D. H. Burnham

Mass Transit Mass transit- extended cities outward; included electric commuter trains, subways, and trolley cars. Frank Spargue invented the first electric trolley or street car. Workers no longer had to live within walking distance.

Suburbs Residential neighborhoods on the outskirts of a city.

Upper Class Life Nouveau riche- “newly rich” in French. Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Cornelius Vanderbilt People who made their money in new industries like steel, mining, or railroads.

Conspicuous Consumption The noveau riche often displayed their wealth. Andrew Carnegie purchased a Scottish castle. They did give to charities; however, some said this was just anther way to show their money.

Imitating British Victorian Culture Many imitated the social behavior of British Victorian culture- Godey’s Lady’s Book, The Ladies’ Home Journal; The Modern Housewife. These books glorified the role of women as a homemaker.

Middle Class Life Accountants, clerks, engineers, managers, salespeople. New industries required skilled workers. Professional schools and organizations were formed.

Middle Class Women Few were permitted in professional occupations; those were male activities. Some became salesclerks, secretaries, and stenographers. Earned lower wages than men. New technologies, like running water, changed their domestic work- less work. Some had servants.

How the Poor Lived Wages were low, housing shortage, high cost of rent. Some 43,000 tenements- poorly built apartment buildings- housed more than 1.6 million poor New Yorkers. Were usually in walking distance to factories. The “stink was enough to knock you down.” Sickness and death were common. African Americans faced the worst conditions.

“Dumbell “ Tenement, NYC

Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lived (1890)

Tenement Slum Living

Lodgers Huddled Together

Tenement Slum Living

Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”

The Drive for Reform Settlement houses: formed to confront the problem of urban poverty, were community service centers in poor neighborhoods. Often offered educational opportunities. Jane Addams was at the forefront of this. – Dedicated her life to the poor. – Established the Hull House. – Promoted women’s suffrage. – Won Nobel Peace Prize. Janie Porter Barrett: founded the African American settlement houses.

The Social Gospel Movement Protestant ministers also fought poverty with Social Gospel, which called for people to apply Christian principles to address social problems. Washington Gladden argued that Christians had a moral duty to help. Caroline Bartlett organized the People’s Church in Kalamazoo, Michigan.