Industrialization and Social Unrest, 19 th Century Reaction, Nationalism, and Imperialism A Review

Industrialization Roots: -the Renaissance Spirit (seeking material goods) -the scientific approach in solving problems (Scientific Revolution) -the Commercial Revolution -the putting-out (domestic) system Economic Results: -factory system -higher standard of living -modern laissez-faire capitalism (private property, profit motive, competition, market economy) Tariffs Labor problems Economic theories (Smith, Malthus, Ricardo)

Political Results: -rise of middle and working classes as new political power groups -aid to nationalism and imperialism -the rise of labor unions as a political force Social Results: -more socially dynamic society -increase in population, cities, problems -universal education -social reform movements

Socialism The government is seen as the representative of the people and owns and operates the major means of production and distribution. The government determines the needs of the people, provides goods and services, plans the economy, directs flow of resources, provides for workers. Utopian Socialists- lacked any meaningful political following Marxism- The Communist Manifesto/Das Kapital -the organization of the means of production has always involved conflict between the classes who owned and controlled the means of production and those classes who worked for them. -only radical social transformation can eliminate the social and economic evils that are inherent in the very structure of production

19 th Century Liberalism Make moderate changes gradually (not 20 th Century liberalism) Hostile to privileged aristocracy From the middle class bourgeoisie Sought the removal of economic restraints (laissez-faire)

Revolution Spain (1820) unsuccessful Italy (1821) unsuccessful Latin America ( ) some successful Russia (1825) unsuccessful Decembrist Revolt France (1830) Louis Philippe ”Citizen King” Belgium (1830) successful, independence Poland (1830) crushed by the czar Britain- achieved some democratic reforms through evolution not revolution Reform Bill of enfranchised middle class Chartist Movement- for universal manhood suffrage, equal election districts, secret ballot, removed property qualifications for members of parliament, demands met in subsequent reform bills

The Revolutions of 1848 Causes: -food shortages -willingness of political liberals to ally with the working classes to put pressure on government -nationalism -unprecedented economic growth Increased influence of socialism as a political force. France- eventual election of Napoleon III and creation of Second French Republic/Empire Austria- forced Metternich to flee the country, serfdom was abolished Italy/Germany- Prussia adopted an undemocratic constitution Effects- middle class ceased to be revolutionary and became concerned about the protection of its property

Unification Movements Italy: Piedmont-Sardinia took the lead under Cavour (head) Mazzini (heart) Garibaldi (sword) Italy’s problems after unification: weak government, Church hostility, poor economy, lack of raw materials for industrialization Germany: German Empire under Bismarck: -autocracy, yet some social reforms -Prussian domination -rapid industrialization -militarization German Empire under Kaiser Wilhelm II: more militarism (army/navy) and creation of German colonial empire

Liberal Britain Reform Act of further reduced property qualifications for voting Gladstone’s ministries witnessed the culmination of British liberalism (EX: the Education Act of 1870), home rule for Ireland Disraeli and the Tory party cultivation of the growing labor vote through reforms of their own, imperialist policy- (The sun never sets on the British Empire) Queen Victoria as Empress of India The Irish question was a major issue in British politics in late 19 th century

Mid-to Late-19 th Century France France under Napoleon III The Third French Republic ( ): -several government scandals -the Dreyfus Affair (this split the politics of France into two ideological camps- the socialists vs the conservatives This caused social and political divisions that would continue to mark this government until the German occupation of France in 1940