The Expansion of Civilization in Southern Asia 9

The Silk Road  The Kushan Kingdom (India, included Afghanistan)  Silk Road Sits beyond the Khyber Pass Trade between China and Europe (including the Rome empire)  Kanishka, the greatest of the Kushan monarchs Commercial affects also came with the introduction of Buddhism Growth of Buddhist monasteries and spread of Buddhism to central Asia and China Power declined in the 200s

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Gupta Empire

India After the Mauryas  The Gupta Dynasty  Chandragupta I (320-c. 330)-established the state, Samudragupta (c )-expanded territory, Chandragupta II ( )-eventually largest state in India, since the Mauryas  India entered a new “classical age”  Trade was prosperous, with China Southeast Asia, and the Mediterranean  Declined in the 400s because of nomad invasions from northwest  It was again divided into small kingdoms

The Transformation of Buddhism  Changing Buddhism  Doctrine beginning to decline with the rise of Hinduism  Problems interpreting Nirvana helped lead to changes  Split in Buddhism  Theravada Buddhism (teaching of the elders) - a way of life, not a Salvationist creed, quest for Nirvana  Mahayana Buddhism (the greater vehicle)- can be achieved through devotion, called others Hinayana (lesser vehicle)  Bodhisattva (“he who possesses the essence of Buddhahood”)-salvation could come from the intercession the spirits of those who have reached bodhi  Revered saintly individuals and built temples in their honor  Reinterpretation of Buddhism as a religion rather than a philosophy

 Decline of Buddhism in India  Denies existence of the soul  Rejected class divisions  Revival of Hinduism  Theravada Buddhism survived in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia  Mahayana Buddhism survived in China, Korea, and Japan

India, 1000 – 1200

The Arrival of Islam  Conquest of Sind by Arab armies, c. 711  Empire of Mahmud of Ghazni ( )-founded in present day Afghanistan 962  Rule extended throughout the upper Indus valley and as far south as the Indian Ocean  Resistance led by Rajputs (aristocratic Hindu clans)  No match against the cavalry of Mahmud’s invasion  South of the Ganges River Muslim influence spread slowly  Extend power to the Deccan Plateau  New Delhi sultanate threatened by Mongols of Genghis Khan  Tughluq dynasty ( )  Tamerlane (Timur-i-lang) (b. 1330s -1405)  Crossed the Indus River to raid India in 1398  Ruled a Mongol khanate based in Samarkand  Conquered the area of the Caspian Sea, Baghdad, and raided to the Bosporus before withdrawing

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Empire of Tamerlane

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Tomb of Tamerlane in Samarkand

Society and Culture  Muslim rulers  Tolerant of other faiths  Generally used peaceful means to convert others, had periodic attacks on Hindus  -many peasants or sudras converted to Islam Differences in religion (monotheism vs. Polytheism)  Islamic egalitarianism vs. hierarchical Hinduism  Muslim eating of beef vs. sexual frankness of Hindu art  Some Muslims rulers like the Indian idea of divine kingship  Indians learned the superiority of cavalry  Some upper-class Hindu males attracted to the Muslim tradition of purdah (keeping women behind curtain/dressed modestly)  Muslim women had more rights than Hindu women

Economy and Daily Life  Estimated 100 million population by 1000  Most Indians were farmers and most farmers were peasants  Wheat and barley in upland regions, rice in Ganges valley and southern coast  Foreign trade remained high, especially in Dravidian kingdoms of the south  Commercial elite lived in the cities, often in opulence (trade goods included cotton, spices)

The Wonder of Indian Culture  Art and Architecture  Caves of Ajanta Carved out of rock from 460 to 478  Rock paintings and carvings  Buddhist cave temples and monasteries  Sculpture important to the shrines  Literature  Religious and secular works  Written in Sanskrit and the languages of southern India  Kalidasa, poet and dramatist wrote-The Cloud Messenger  Dandin, The Ten Princes-mixed history with fiction, written in Sanskrit  Music  Chanting Vedic hymns  Raga, a musical scale  Sitar, wind instruments, and drums

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Close-up of temple gopuram at temple at Madras

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Temple complex at Mahabalipuram

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Southeast Asia 500 C.E-1200 C.E.

The Golden Region: Early Southeast Asia- between India and China  Mainland region (from Chinese border to Malay Peninsula)  Early migration-First millennium C.E., -the Thai from southwestern China and The Burmese from the Tibetan highlands  Contacts with India –both India and China influenced the region  Indian merchants brought Hinduism as well as Buddhism  Paddy Fields and Spices: The States of Southeast Asia  Angkor Agricultural; situated on rich river delta Most powerful state to emerge in mainland South-east Asia  Indonesian archipelago Srivi-jaya, east of Sumatra, 700s, controlled Straits of Malaca Majapahit, on Java, united most of archipelago in mid-1300s Spice trade important  Indian influences Brahmin class of advisors Writing system Wayang kulit (shadow play)

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Ruins of Angkor Wat

Daily Life  Hierarchical society  Trade  Women  Active in trade  Higher literacy  Financial independence  Nuclear family

World of the Spirits: Religious Belief  Traditional beliefs  Hinduism-influenced  Buddhism  Theravada Buddhism  Temple architecture

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Interior of Shwedagon pagoda complex with numerous shrines

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Temple of thousand Buddhas in Bangkok

Discussion Questions  How did the Kushan Kingdom benefit from its position astride the Silk Road?  Why is the Gupta dynasty sometimes called the “classical age” of civilization in northern India?  What led to the transformation of Buddhism? Why did Buddhism decline in popularity in India?  What major states emerged in Southeast Asia? How were their societies and cultures influenced by India?