Warmup 4/19/16: Use the Chromebook at your station to copy both pages of Mitosis and Asexual reproduction Notes 1.mshollis.cmswiki.wikispaces.net 2.Biology Daily Assignments 3.Today’s Date (4/19/16) PPT Mitosis

What is a TRANSGENIC Organisms? Transgenic Organisms are: – It is an organism that has had genesinserted(or moved into) from a different organism – Transgenic organisms are made from combining different DNA

What is Recombinant DNA When DNA from two different organisms come together, the DNA becomes RECOMBINANT DNA – What does recombinant (recombine) mean? – The organism that receives the recombinant DNA will use it as if it were its own DNA.

ONE MORE TIME! Restriction Enzyme (like Eco R1) Gene (like the Insulin gene) Human Cell (like a pancreas cell) Recombinant DNA Bacteria cell Binary Fission to make lots of bacteria! Each bacterium will go through protein synthesis to make lots of human insulin! Restriction Enzyme (like Eco R1) Plasmid Bacterium Recombinant DNACreating Recombinant DNA

Genetics and Biotechnology Steps in Cloning a Gene

Genetic Engineering of Insulin

1.Which process is indicated by letter B? a.Natural selection b.Asexual reproduction c.Sexual reproduction d.Gene deletion

Which is a use of genetically engineered bacteria? a.identifying the remains of an unknown person b.developing a DNA fingerprint for blood left at a crime scene c.making human insulin for diabetes d.producing corn that is resistant to herbicides

What is Genetically Modified Food (GMO) It is a crop or food that has been intentionally modified, altered or changed.

Bt Corn

EOC Prep Bacillus thuringiensis, a bacterium commonly known as Bt, produces a protein that can kill certain insects that feed on corn crops. Scientists have been successful in transferring the gene that codes for this protein from the bacterium to the corn, so the corn can now make the Bt protein. Corn borers, insects that eat corn, die when they feed on corn containing the Bt protein. A potential problem associated with increased production of Bt corn is a.corn borers may stop feeding on corn plants b.B. corn borers may develop resistance to the Bt protein c.farmers may need to use less pesticide to control corn borers d.corn borers may compete with other insects

What is Selective Breeding… A type of genetic engineering Choosing organisms (plants, animals) with the best traits (genes) and breeding them together to produce better (bigger, stronger) offspring

Applications of Recombinant DNA Bacteria – used to produce hormones, antibiotics and Insulin Plants – made to be resistant to herbicides and Pesticides Animals – Cloning – Replacement of genes which cause disorders (aka Gene Therapy) Such as Cystic Fibrosis Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

Genetic engineering may be used for gene therapy. Gene therapy has been used to treat Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID or “Bubble Boy Syndrome”) and cystic fibrosis (CF). It has been shown to be safe for up to 10 years to treat SCID, but patients have the risk of developing leukemia. In treating cystic fibrosis, the results have been limited because the patient’s immune system is fighting off the virus used to carry the correct gene to the target cells. Gene Therapy is Gene Therapy?What is Gene Therapy?

i. Defective genes are identified within the DNA sequence ii. A functioning gene isolated from a donor’s DNA is “packaged” into a vector/carrier (such as a cold virus used for CF gene therapy). iii.The vector is introduced to the organism with the defective gene. The functioning gene is delivered to target cells and randomly inserts itself into the DNA (this is what likely caused the leukemia in the SCID treatment). Now the cell can produce the correct protein.

How is the process of gene therapy used to treat cystic fibrosis? a.By replacing the abnormal gene with a copy of the normal gene b.By removing a portion of the abnormal gene c.By adding a nitrogen base to the beginning of the DNA sequence d.By inducing a mutation

How does biotechnology use viruses? a.As a carrier to insert a desired DNA segment into an organism b.To copy a specific antigen c.To respond to and destroy cancer cells in humans d.To produce proteins for human consumption

II.How do we know where human genes are located on chromosomes? A. The Human Genome Project (HGP) is a collaborative effort among scientists from around the world to map the genes of a human. Genome= An organism’s complete set of DNA Applications: Gene Therapy and Genetic Screening To Sequence the Human GenomeHow To Sequence the Human Genome

 III.Are stem cells the next “big thing” in genetic research?  Stem Cells (SciShow) - YouTube Stem Cells (SciShow) - YouTube A. Stem cells are unspecialized cells that continually reproduce themselves. These cells have the ability to differentiate into one or more types of specialized cells. Scientists hope to learn to control that differentiation.

CLONING Cloning is the process of producing populations of genetically identical individuals PROS CONS Humans and animals rights at stake. Decreased diversity Production of undesirable traits Combat genetic diseases Production of desirable traits Replicate animals for research purposes

Scientists have cloned sheep but have not yet cloned a human. The best explanation for this situation is that a.There are many ethical problems involved in cloning humans b.The technology to clone humans has not been explored c.Human reproduction is very different from that of other mammals d.Cloning humans would take too long

Gel Electrophoresis is involved in creating a DNA Fingerprint. DNA Fingerprint= A Unique band pattern of DNA fragments. Discussion Questions 1.What are the steps of gel electrophoresis?

Step 5 Run electric current through gel DNA is negatively charged so it will move towards the positively charged end of the gel.

Gel Electrophoresis is involved in creating a DNA Fingerprint. DNA Fingerprint= A Unique band pattern of DNA fragments. Discussion Questions 1.What are a few uses of gel electrophoresis? a.Solve criminal cases, solve paternity test, diagnose genetic disease, etc.

Which band traveled the slowest? Which band traveled the fastest?

An IntroductionEpigenetics: An Introduction