Chapter 26.5 Revolution and Civil War in Russia Lenin Trotsky

Focus Q Why do you think most revolutions begin? What part of society usually rebels? What are their complaints? What’s the cost to society? Are they successful? Can you give an example?

Russia in Russia stretched from Eastern Europe to the Pacific 2.Unlike Europe, it was slow to industrialize 3.Nobles, priests, and an autocratic tsar (Nicholas II) controlled the economy and govt 4.Most people were extremely poor Why do most revolutions begin?

Russia 1917

Nicholas II 1.Weak and ineffective leader 2.Like other tsars, used secret police and others to enforce his will 3.Many thought of revolting, including the proletariat **proletariat: growing class of factory and RR workers, miners, and urban workers**

Russia Unprepared in WWI 1.Russian eagerly joined WWI, but….. Factories didn’t make enough supplies Transportation systems broke down By 1915, many soldiers didn’t have rifles or ammo

March 1917 Revolution 1.Tsar Nicholas II abdicates b/c: Disasters on the battlefield Food, fuel shortages Workers go on strike Women (mostly) demonstrate in the streets 2.War continues against GER though 3.Revolutionaries are plotting—set up soviets—councils of workers, soldiers in cities—Bolsheviks and V.I. Lenin lead them

Lenin’s View of Marx 1.Adapts Marx to fit Russia 2.Marx said the industrial working class would unite and overthrow capitalism 3.Russia didn’t have a large urban proletariat 4.Lenin wanted an elite group to be the “dictatorship of the proletariat” 5.This small group was called the Bolsheviks—”the majority” 6.**V.I. Lenin is the leader of the Bolsheviks**

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Bolsheviks = Communists

November 1917 Revolution Brings Bolsheviks to Power 1.Lenin and Leon Trotsky lead the Bolshevik Revolution 2.Bolsheviks promise “Peace, land, and Bread” to hungry, war weary Russians

Govt After Nicholas Fails 1.Interim govt led by Alexander Kerensky continues war, fails to give peasants land Most Russians are tired of war Peasants want land Troops were deserting Urban workers demand an end to shortages 2.July 1917, govt launches huge offensive against GER—fails miserably

Bolsheviks Takeover 1.Nov 1917—Red Guards—armed factory workers join mutinous sailors—and attack the govt 2.**Nov 1917 Lenin and the Bolsheviks take power quickly** 3.Moscow becomes their capital, the Kremlin their headquarters

The Kremlin Moscow, Russia

Founder of Bolshevism: Vladimir Lenin His Early Years --Exiled to Siberia in 1897 Committed to Class Struggle and Revolution Moved to London in 1902 and befriended Leon Trotsky Bolshevik Party renamed Communist Party in 1918

Bolsheviks Takeover Bolsheviks = Communists End private ownership of land Distribute land to peasants Workers get control of factories and mines 1.New red flag—hammer and sickle— symbolizes union btwn workers and peasants

Hammer and sickle = workers and peasants Star represents the country

Quick review Who took over in the Nov 1917 Revolution?

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Russia Plunges Into Civil War 1.After Bolshevik Revolution, Lenin made peace w/GER 2.March 1918 sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Lost much land But needed all their resources to defeat opponents at home

Opposing Forces—Reds vs. Whites 1.3 year civil war: Reds vs. Whites 2.Reds—communists, led by Lenin and Trotsky 3.**Whites—tsars officers, Mensheviks, democrats, anti-communists** Get help from BR, FR, US—hope whites would help against GER What impact do you think this had on future US/Russian relations?

Opposing Forces—Reds vs. Whites 1.Reds appeal to nationalism and urge Russians to drive out foreigners 2.Guess who wins? 3.In the long run, the Allied invasion (supporting the Whites) fed distrust of the West

War Under Communism 1.Communists use terror against the Whites and citizens Cheka—secret police—execute anyone thought to be against the revolution 1919—forced labor camps—under Stalin they grow into the dreaded Gulag Trotsky threatens to kill every 10 th man in army units performing poorly—also deserters were shot—that’s motivation 

War Under Communism 1.communists adopt a policy of “war communism” Take over banks, mines, factories, RR’s Peasants were drafted into military or to work in factories Peasants had to give most of their crops to feed army or people in cities 2.Reds position in the center of the country give them a strategic advantage Win civil war by 1921

Quick review Who were the reds? Who were the whites? Who won?

USSR is Created Lenin Communist govt unites much of old Russian Empire into USSR—Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2.Russia is the largest republic— dominates the others

New Govt, Same Problems 1.Communists write a constitution Have an elected legislature All over 18 have right to vote All political power, means of production (factories, mines, farms), resources belong to workers and peasants All member republics have the same rights 2.In reality, the communist party ruled like tsars—use army and secret police to enforce their will

Lenin’s Economic Policy 1.NEP—New Economic Policy—allows some capitalism Peasants can sell some grain Some small shops can open 2.Soviet economy recovers, ends armed resistance 3.Experiment w/ capitalism is only temporary