ANIMAL FARM

CZAR NICHOLAS RUSSIA (rule began 1896) A poor leader, at best, when compared to western leaders Cruel – sometimes brutal with opponents Kind – sometimes hired poor students as spies to help them make money Passionate love affair with wife, Alexandra

RUSSIA UNDER NICHOLAS Czar = Power from God Majority of population faced hunger, poverty, and unemployment WWI Lost territory from the war Food and resources went to troops Revolts led by hungry workers erupted across Russia Russia lagged behind other modernized countries in: Industrialization Government Education 1917: Czar was overthrown

CZAR Aristocracy Military AgricultureIndustry – Proletariat – Workers from Privatized Farms and Industry (owned by aristocracy) Czar Nicholas Chart

KARL MARX Father of Communism 1848 published an influential pamphlet called the Communist Manifesto His vision: Everyone would have what they need No one citizen would possess more than another No private ownership of land Communal way of life Everyone shares in prosperity All people are seen as equal Government owns everything – people own government Hoped that after updating industry, agriculture, and military, the educated people could govern themselves and collectively own the wealth of their nation

Self- governance Collectively Owned Agriculture Collectively Owned Industry Mandatory Military Service For All Citizens Karl Marx Chart

THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 1918 Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, and Joseph Stalin proceeded to structure a Communist country as envisioned by Karl Marx “Land, bread, and peace for everyone!” Lenin promised

LENIN Changes name from Russia to USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) Understands emotional impact of simple, powerful slogans: “Workers of the world unite!” “Land, bread, and peace for everyone!”

TROTSKY Pure Communist Followed Marx Favored world revolution Brilliant public speaker

STALIN Not a skilled speaker Not educated Does not follow Marx’s idea Cares for power Kills all who oppose him Uses KGB and propaganda Controls education Continually opposes Trotsky

RULE UNDER LENIN Main goals: Modernize industry and agriculture Get rid of the aristocracy Provide adequate food, shelter, and medical services Educate the population in Communism Strengthen military Gain popular support by promising: Land Bread Peace

RULE UNDER LENIN Civil War between Communists and their opposition: “Red Army” identified and executed suspected anti-Communists (Led by Trotsky) 1922 Lenin dies -- power struggle between Trotsky and Stalin Trotsky is run out of the country by Stalin (whose power is in his secret police: KGB) Stalin became dictator by late 1920s

LIFE UNDER STALIN Not the country Lenin had hoped for Used political and social terror to maintain power 1928 – Five Year Plans Designed to bring Russia into the industrial age The Purges High ranking officials arrested (false charges) and executed Controlled all media

Stalin Communist Party Military Modernization Agriculture Modernization Industry Modernization Workers are quickly absorbed Into Agriculture, Industry, and Military Stalin Chart

Stalin’s Relationship with Hitler Initial cooperation Nazi expansion – Stalin sought alliance w/France & England Secret negotiations w/Germany Continued anti-German talks w/Allies 1939 Signed non-aggression pact w/Hitler (possible expansionist thoughts for himself), shocking Allies

Stalin enters the war on the side of the Allies Before Allies could help, Germans swept through Soviet Union, ravaged territory they conquered “Scorched earth” policy: Stalin instructed all farm fields and villages in path of German army be burned to prevent German soldiers from living off land so they would be forced to stop Unfortunately, also meant destruction of homes and land of Russian people January, 1943 – Germans were DEFEATED in Battle of Stalingrad Soviets continue pushing Germans back toward Berlin U.S. troops move toward Germany from the west World War II ends in Europe in May 1945

STALIN’S LEGACY Estimated million people died during his reign (an average of 12,810 – 40,000 people each week) “Death is the solution to all problems. No man – no problem.” “One death is a tragedy; one million is a statistic.” Stalin’s terror ended on March 5, 1953

“-isms” Socialism: you have two cows. Give one to your neighbor. Communism: you have two cows. Give both cows to the government, and they may give you some of the milk. Fascism: you have two cows. You give all the milk to the government, and they sell it. Nazism: you have two cows. The government shoots you and takes both of the cows. Anarchism: you have two cows. Keep both of the cows, shoot the government agent, and steal another cow. Capitalism: You have two cows. Sell one cow and buy a bull.