F.D.R. and the Shadow of War Chapter 34

A. The London Conference The six-country London Economic Conference met in the summer of 1933 The six-country London Economic Conference met in the summer of 1933 The Conference wanted to stabilize the values of different currencies, which was essential to the revival of world trade The Conference wanted to stabilize the values of different currencies, which was essential to the revival of world trade Roosevelt first agreed to send a delegate over, but he actually wanted to inflate U.S. currency to help out with the depression Roosevelt first agreed to send a delegate over, but he actually wanted to inflate U.S. currency to help out with the depression On a vacation, he sent word to the Conference condemning them for trying to stabilize currency On a vacation, he sent word to the Conference condemning them for trying to stabilize currency He withdrew U.S. support from the conference and it collapsed He withdrew U.S. support from the conference and it collapsed Angered many European nations Angered many European nations

B. Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians During the hard times of the depression, America eager to get rid of Philippines During the hard times of the depression, America eager to get rid of Philippines Remembering its earlier promises of freedom, the U.S. passed the Tydings McDuffe Act Remembering its earlier promises of freedom, the U.S. passed the Tydings McDuffe Act -this would give the Filipinos their own freedom after a 12-year tutelage -this would give the Filipinos their own freedom after a 12-year tutelage In truth, the U.S. weren’t giving them their freedom as much as being free from their burden In truth, the U.S. weren’t giving them their freedom as much as being free from their burden In Tokyo, Japanese militarists thought that now had little to fear from America In Tokyo, Japanese militarists thought that now had little to fear from America

FDR formally recognized the Soviet Union FDR formally recognized the Soviet Union He was motivated by establishing trade with the Soviet Union and the idea that they could be an ally against Germany He was motivated by establishing trade with the Soviet Union and the idea that they could be an ally against Germany

C. Becoming a Good Neighbor While the U.S. was isolating itself from Europe, it was becoming more involved in Latin America While the U.S. was isolating itself from Europe, it was becoming more involved in Latin America With war-thirsty aggressors seizing power in Europe, Roosevelt wanted to gain allies in the Western Hemisphere With war-thirsty aggressors seizing power in Europe, Roosevelt wanted to gain allies in the Western Hemisphere Roosevelt called this his Good Neighbor Policy Roosevelt called this his Good Neighbor Policy FDR renounced intervention in other countries and followed by pulling troops out of Haiti FDR renounced intervention in other countries and followed by pulling troops out of Haiti We also relinquished control of Cuba, except Guantanamo, and relaxed its grip on Panama We also relinquished control of Cuba, except Guantanamo, and relaxed its grip on Panama His actions were applauded by all Latin American countries His actions were applauded by all Latin American countries

D. Secretary Hull’s Reciprocal Trade Agreements Secretary of State Hull believed that a nation can sell to other countries only as much as it buys Secretary of State Hull believed that a nation can sell to other countries only as much as it buys He also believed that tariff barriers beget trade wars which beget shooting wars He also believed that tariff barriers beget trade wars which beget shooting wars In 1934, Congress passed the Reciprocal Trade Acts In 1934, Congress passed the Reciprocal Trade Acts These acts lowered the tariff to all countries willing to lower theirs These acts lowered the tariff to all countries willing to lower theirs 22 countries agreed and it reversed the high tariffs that existed since the civil war and had damaged the U.S and world economy 22 countries agreed and it reversed the high tariffs that existed since the civil war and had damaged the U.S and world economy

E. Storm-Cellar Isolationism After WWI, several dictators in Europe spread totalitarianism After WWI, several dictators in Europe spread totalitarianism Soviet Union led the way with Joseph Stalin Soviet Union led the way with Joseph Stalin Fascist Benito Mussolini took control of Italy Fascist Benito Mussolini took control of Italy Adolf Hitler, by far the most dangerous, took control of Germany Adolf Hitler, by far the most dangerous, took control of Germany He was a child of the Treaty of Versailles He was a child of the Treaty of Versailles The German people desperate to get out of the depression, turned to Hitler for leadership The German people desperate to get out of the depression, turned to Hitler for leadership In 1936, Hitler allied himself with Italy (Rome/Berlin Axis) In 1936, Hitler allied himself with Italy (Rome/Berlin Axis) Japan, like Germany, were angry with the Treaty and wanted more for themselves Japan, like Germany, were angry with the Treaty and wanted more for themselves

F. Congress Legislates Neutrality Many people looked at World War I and began to blame the war on business Many people looked at World War I and began to blame the war on business In the minds of many, the war was started in order for industries to make money on building weapons for war In the minds of many, the war was started in order for industries to make money on building weapons for war Newspapers and books helped to spread these ideas Newspapers and books helped to spread these ideas In response to the nation’s beliefs, Congress acted quickly to legislate America out of a new war In response to the nation’s beliefs, Congress acted quickly to legislate America out of a new war The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 36, and 37 made it illegal to sail on a belligerent ship, sell or transport weapons to belligerent nations, or to make loans to belligerent nations The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 36, and 37 made it illegal to sail on a belligerent ship, sell or transport weapons to belligerent nations, or to make loans to belligerent nations These acts were specifically tailored to keeping the U.S. out of a situation like WWI These acts were specifically tailored to keeping the U.S. out of a situation like WWI American neutrality only served to embolden the dictators of Europe American neutrality only served to embolden the dictators of Europe

G. America Dooms Loyalist Spain In Spain, there was a civil war between 1936 and 39 In Spain, there was a civil war between 1936 and 39 Spanish rebels led by Francisco Franco attempted to seize power Spanish rebels led by Francisco Franco attempted to seize power Franco received help from Hitler and Mussolini Franco received help from Hitler and Mussolini Loyalists should have been able to buy goods and weapons from U.S., but Neutrality Acts prevented it Loyalists should have been able to buy goods and weapons from U.S., but Neutrality Acts prevented it Thus, Franco able to seize power Thus, Franco able to seize power Dictators further emboldened by U.S. isolationism Dictators further emboldened by U.S. isolationism

H. Appeasing Germany and Japan Japan continued to invade China Japan continued to invade China Roosevelt did not enforce the Neutrality Acts because he did not classify the situation as a war Roosevelt did not enforce the Neutrality Acts because he did not classify the situation as a war FDR then delivered his Quarantine Speech FDR then delivered his Quarantine Speech In this speech he argued that we should impose embargos on all aggressors In this speech he argued that we should impose embargos on all aggressors Americans were terrified that this might provoke a war against the U.S. Americans were terrified that this might provoke a war against the U.S. Meanwhile, Hitler had taken the Rhineland, Violated nearly every part of Treaty of Versailles Meanwhile, Hitler had taken the Rhineland, Violated nearly every part of Treaty of Versailles After a meeting at Munich British P.M Neville Chamberlain claimed he had appeased Hitler by giving him part of Czechoslovakia After a meeting at Munich British P.M Neville Chamberlain claimed he had appeased Hitler by giving him part of Czechoslovakia

I. Hitler’s Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality France and Britain hoped to ally w/ Stalin France and Britain hoped to ally w/ Stalin In 1939, the Stalin allies w/ Hitler In 1939, the Stalin allies w/ Hitler Hitler could wage war w/o fear of USSR Hitler could wage war w/o fear of USSR Hitler invaded Poland in 1939 and Britain and France declared war Hitler invaded Poland in 1939 and Britain and France declared war Stalin invaded Poland from the east and took back Russian land Stalin invaded Poland from the east and took back Russian land Britain needed U.S. supplies badly, so Roosevelt asked for an amendment to the N. Acts Britain needed U.S. supplies badly, so Roosevelt asked for an amendment to the N. Acts The Neutrality Act of 1939 aka the Cash and Carry Plan allowed the U.S. to sell supplies to Democracies in Europe for cash as long as they were shipped in European ships The Neutrality Act of 1939 aka the Cash and Carry Plan allowed the U.S. to sell supplies to Democracies in Europe for cash as long as they were shipped in European ships

J. Aftermath and the Fall of France Following the collapse of Poland, both sides sat and waited through the winter Following the collapse of Poland, both sides sat and waited through the winter This was called the Phony War This was called the Phony War This period was relieved when the Soviet Union invaded Finland This period was relieved when the Soviet Union invaded Finland In 1940, Hitler overran Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, and Belgium, followed by a France In 1940, Hitler overran Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, and Belgium, followed by a France After France surrendered, Hitler turned his attention towards Britain After France surrendered, Hitler turned his attention towards Britain If Britain fell, then they would eventually threaten America If Britain fell, then they would eventually threaten America Roosevelt began to build a large navy and passed a draft Roosevelt began to build a large navy and passed a draft

K. Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal In August 1940, Hitler began bombing raids on Britain in preparation to invasion (Battle of Britain) In August 1940, Hitler began bombing raids on Britain in preparation to invasion (Battle of Britain) Hitler lost the battle an postponed invasion of Br. Hitler lost the battle an postponed invasion of Br. Britain was in dire need of Destroyers for its navy Britain was in dire need of Destroyers for its navy After much debate, FDR decided to send Br 4 old American destroyers After much debate, FDR decided to send Br 4 old American destroyers This violated American neutrality ideas This violated American neutrality ideas

L. Congress Passes the Lend-Lease Act FDR was elected to a third term as president due to the war FDR was elected to a third term as president due to the war Ran against Windell Wilkie Ran against Windell Wilkie After his election, FDR decided not to put so much emphasis on Europe having to pay with cash After his election, FDR decided not to put so much emphasis on Europe having to pay with cash FDR wanted to lend or lease weapons to democracies in war FDR wanted to lend or lease weapons to democracies in war Many Americans thought it was a good idea. (Send guns rather than sons) Many Americans thought it was a good idea. (Send guns rather than sons) After much debate the Lend Lease Plan was passed After much debate the Lend Lease Plan was passed This was basically an economic declaration of war This was basically an economic declaration of war

M. Hitler’s Assault on the Soviet Union and the Atlantic Charter Hitler and Stalin had been at an uneasy truce Hitler and Stalin had been at an uneasy truce On June 22, 1941, Hitler invaded the Soviet Union On June 22, 1941, Hitler invaded the Soviet Union FDR altered the Lend-Lease Deal so that it could now send supplies to Russia FDR altered the Lend-Lease Deal so that it could now send supplies to Russia Then Prime Minister Winston Churchill and FDR got together and discussed actions after the war Then Prime Minister Winston Churchill and FDR got together and discussed actions after the war Called the Atlantic Charter, it pushed for no territorial acquisitions after the war, and the right of the people to choose their own governments Called the Atlantic Charter, it pushed for no territorial acquisitions after the war, and the right of the people to choose their own governments

N. U.S. Destroyers and Hitler’s U- boats Britain simply did not have enough Destroyers to protect their loaned supplies from the U.S. Britain simply did not have enough Destroyers to protect their loaned supplies from the U.S. FDR in 1941 decided to use U.S. warships to escort the British ships FDR in 1941 decided to use U.S. warships to escort the British ships This inevitably brought them into clashes with the German Wolfpack Submarines This inevitably brought them into clashes with the German Wolfpack Submarines Hitler had ordered his subs not to attack unless attacked, but they did anyway Hitler had ordered his subs not to attack unless attacked, but they did anyway A few U.S. ships were sank and Americans were killed A few U.S. ships were sank and Americans were killed Still, in the minds of Americans, our country was still neutral Still, in the minds of Americans, our country was still neutral

O. Heading for the Surprise Attack on Pearl Harbor The U.S. had been sending scrap metal and oil to Japan, which it desperately needed The U.S. had been sending scrap metal and oil to Japan, which it desperately needed They did this despite Japan and Germany were allies, because they didn’t want to provoke Japan They did this despite Japan and Germany were allies, because they didn’t want to provoke Japan The U.S. placed an embargo on Japan and froze all Japanese assets The U.S. placed an embargo on Japan and froze all Japanese assets They told Japan to clear out of China and then trade would resume They told Japan to clear out of China and then trade would resume Japan refused and the U.S. expected an attack somewhere, but were unsure of the location Japan refused and the U.S. expected an attack somewhere, but were unsure of the location On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor As Congress moved to declare war, Germany and Italy declared war on us, which we accepted As Congress moved to declare war, Germany and Italy declared war on us, which we accepted