Distribution of Marks For Second Semester Internal Sessional Evaluation External Evaluation Assignment /Project QuizzesClass Attendance Mid-Term Test Total Sessional Terminal Exam Final Evaluation By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 1 Remember

Chapter NoChapter NamePage No 1. Database Foundation OR An Overview of Database Management System (DBMS) 2.Semantic Modeling OR Entity Relationship Model (ERD) 3.An introduction to Relational Database 4.Normalization 5.Relational Algebra 6.An Introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL) By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 2 Course Contents

COURSE INSTRUCTOR: ILTAF MEHDI By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 3 Chapter No: 02

E-R Model:  “An entity Relationship Model is a logical representation of data for an organization or for a business area”.  The E-R Model is expressed in terms of entities in the business environment, the relationships or associations among entities and the attributes of both the entities and relationships. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 4

 E-R Diagram:  An E-R model normally expressed as an entity relationship diagram. Where “the E-R Diagram is a graphical representation of an entity relationship model”. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 5

 There is no industry standard notation for the E-R model. But some basic notations combine most of the desirable features of the different notations that are commonly used.  The basic notations used for E-R model are given on the next slide. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 6

7 Associative Entity Attribute Multi-Valued Attribute Derived Attribute Strong Entity Weak Entity Relationship Identifying Relationship

 The basic constructs of the E-R model are: 1) Entities 2) Attributes 3) Relationships or Associations By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 8

1. Entity:  “An entity is a person, place, object, event or concept in the user environment about which the organization whishes to maintain data”.  Some examples of each of these types of entities are given below: PERSON: Employee, Student, Patient etc PLACE: City, State, Country etc OBJECT: Machine, Building, Automobile etc EVENT: Sale, Registration, Renewal etc CONCEPT: Account, Course, Work Center etc By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 9

Following are the major types of the entity: a) Entity Type b) Entity Instance c) Strong Entity Type d) Weak Entity Type By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 10

1. Entity Type:  “A collection of entities that share common properties or characteristics is called entity type”.  Entity type is also called Entity Class. 2. Entity Instance:  “The single occurrence of an entity type is called entity instance”.  An entity Type is described just once in a database, while many instances of that entity type may be represented by data stored in the database. For example:  An entity Type “Employee” has many entity instances in organization. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 11

3. Strong Entity Type:  “An entity that exists independently of other entity types is called Strong Entity Type”. 4. Weak Entity Type:  “An entity Type whose existence depends on some other entity type is called Weak Entity Type”. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 12

5. Identifying Relationship:  “The relationship between weak entity type and its owner is called Identifying Relationship”. 6. Identifying Owner:  “The entity type on which the weak entity type depends is called Identifying Owner”. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 13

By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 14 DEPENDENTEMPLOYEEHas Emp-IdEmp-Name Dependent- Name Date-Of-Birth STRONG ENTITY OR IDENTIFYING OWNER STRONG ENTITY OR IDENTIFYING OWNER IDENTIFYING RELATIONSHP WEAK ENTITY Attributes

2. Attribute:  “A property or characteristics of an entity type that is of an interest to the organization is called attribute”.  Following are some entity types and their attributes, (shown by shorthand notation):  STUDENT (st-Id, st-Name, st-F/Name, st-Address etc)  EMPLOYEE (Emp-id, Emp-Name, Emp-Skill etc)  AUTOMOBILE (Vechile-id, Vechile-Color, Vechile-Weight etc ) By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 15

Following are the major types of attribute: 1) Simple Attribute 2) Composite Attribute 3) Multi-Valued Attribute 4) Derived Attribute 5) Identifier 6) Composite Identifier By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 16

1. Simple Attribute:  “An attribute that can’t be broken down into smaller components is called Simple Attribute”. For example: All Attributes associated with AUTOMOBILE are Simple Attributes. 2. Composite Attribute:  “An attribute that can be broken down into components is called Composite Attribute”. For example: “Address” attribute is a Composite Attribute which can be broken down into Street-Add, City-Add, State-Add and Postal-Code. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 17

3. Multi-Valued Attribute:  “An attribute that may take on more than one value for a given entity instance is known as Multi- Valued Attribute”.  Multi-Valued Attribute is indicated by “double ellipse” in an E-R Diagram. 4. Derived Attribute:  “An Attribute whose values can be calculated from related attribute value is known as Derived Attribute”.  Derived Attribute is indicated by “ellipse with dashed line” in an E-R Diagram. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 18

By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 19 EMPLOYEE Emp-IdEmp-NameEmp-Address Skill Year-Employed Composite Attribute Multi-Valued Attribute Derived Attribute Identifier Date-Employed

5. Identifier:  “An Attribute that uniquely identifies individual instances of an entity type is called Identifier or Key”.  Identifier name or key is underlined in E-R diagram. 6. Composite Identifier:  “An identifier that consists of a composite attribute is known as Composite Identifier or key”.  Composite Identifier or key is underlined while the components are not underlined in E-R diagram. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 20 SEE THE EXAMPLES ON NEXT SLIDE

By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 21 STUDENT st-Idst-Name Other attributes In the above E-R diagram, the Identifier for STUDENT entity type is “st-Id” (Student-ID). FLIGHT Flight-Id No-of-passengers In the above E-R diagram, the composite Identifier for FLIGHT entity type is “Flight-Id”. Date Flight-No

3. Relationship:  Relationship is also called association.  Def:“An association is a logical relation between data items”. OR  “the meaningful connection between data items is called relationship or association ”. OR  “An association is a relationship between the instances of one or more entity types that is of an interest to the organization”.  Diamond symbol is used to show the relationship between entities. For example: By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 22 student has Reg-No Relationship

 Def: “The number of entity types that participate in a relationship is known as Degree of association or relationship”.  Associations may be: i. Unary (Degree 1) ii. Binary (Degree 2) iii. Ternary (Degree 3) By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 23

By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 24 a. Unary Relationship b. Binary Relationship c. Ternary Relationship

 There are three main types of association and reverse association. Which are given below: 1) One to One Relationship 2) One to Many Relationship (or Many to One) 3) Many to Many Relationship By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 25

1. One to One Relationship:  “When one occurrence of entity A can relate to one and only one occurrence of entity B and reversely the occurrence of entity B can relate to one and only one occurrence of entity A is called one to one relationship”.  One to One Relationship can be represented by one-head arrow.  For example: “Student has only one Reg-no” and reversely “On one Reg-no there must be only one Student”. Similarly,“A Patient can have only one Bed” and reversely “On one Bed there must be only one Patient” By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 26 StudentReg-no PatientBed A B AB

2. One to Many Relationship (or Many to One):  “When One occurrence of entity A can relate to many occurrences of entity B then it is called One to many relationship but reversely when an occurrence of entity B can relate to only occurrence of entity A then it is called Many to one relationship”.  One to Many Relationship can represented by double-head arrow. For Example: “A Mother can have many Childs” but reversely “a Child can have only one Mother”. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 27 MotherChild AB

3. Many to Many Relationship:  “An occurrence of entity A can relate to more occurrences of entity B and reversely an occurrence of entity B can relate to more occurrences of entity A is called Many to Many Relationship”.  For example: “A Student can have many teachers” and reversely “A Teacher can have many students”. Similarly, “A Student can take many courses” and reversely “A Course can be taken by many students”. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 28 StudentCourse AB StudentTeacher AB

By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 29 Mandatory One Mandatory Many Optional Many Optional One