1 Psychology 40S Intelligence Source: PSYCHOLOGY (9th Edition) David Myers Worth Publishers, © 2010

Intelligence 2

What is intelligence? Where does it come from? How is it measured? 3

Intelligence Intelligence is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. We often speak of intelligence as though it were one thing, but it may be more accurate to speak of multiple intelligences. 4

Howard Gardner Howard Gardner argues that there are at least eight independent kinds of intelligence. 5 readnicole.wordpress.com

Robert Sternberg Psychologist Robert Sternberg defines three separate types of intelligences: 1.Analytic: School smarts 2.Practical: Street smarts, common sense 3.Creative: Creating, designing, inventing 6

Intelligence Testing Roots of standardized intelligence testing can be traced back to 19 th century France, and to Alfred Binet. Mental Age vs Chronological Age Mental age is the child’s mental ability. Chronological age is your actual age. 7

Stanford Binet Intelligence Test Lewis Termin revised Binet’s test for American children…The Stanford Binet intelligence test. IQ = MA CA 8 X 100

Intelligence Tests Modern intelligence tests all use this same basic technique, comparing a person’s actual age with that person’s level of mental development. Scores are adjusted so that 100 represents average intelligence for one’s age group. The original formula however is no longer used. The term “IQ” is now a shorthand way of saying “intelligence test score.” 9

Intelligence Extremes 10

Intelligence Extremes 11 babble.com

Emotional Intelligence Emotional Intelligence is a combination of skills, such as empathy, self-control and self-awareness. Such skills can make us more flexible, adaptable, emotionally mature. People who excel in life tend to be emotionally intelligent. 12

Emotionally Intelligent People 1.Self-awareness (tuned in to their own feelings) 2.Empathy (perceive emotions in others) 3.Manage emotions (ability to manage your own emotions and those of others) 4.Understand emotions (know what causes various emotions, what they mean and how they affect behaviour) 5.Use emotions (use their feelings to enhance thinking and decision making) 13 Page 397 Nelson’s Psychology A Journey

Marshmallow Test 14

The Marshmallow Test It began in the early 1960s at Stanford University’s Bing Nursery School, where Mischel and his graduate students gave children the choice between one reward (like a marshmallow, pretzel, or mint) they could eat immediately, and a larger reward (two marshmallows) for which they would have to wait alone, for up to 20 minutes. Years later, Mischel and his team followed up with the Bing preschoolers and found that children who had waited for the second marshmallow generally fared better in life. 15

Marshmallow Test Walter Mischel presented the marshmallow dilemma to preschoolers at Stanford University. “You can have this marshmallow now if you want, but if you don’t eat it until after I run an errand, you can have two.” 16

Videos: Watch marshmallow Test 1 Zimbardo: marshmallow test explained Marshmallow test 2 17

Delayed Gratification The ability to put off an immediate reward in order to gain a better reward later. Delayed gratification is one of the most effective personal traits of successful people. People that delay gratification are more successful with their career, relationships, health, finances and really, all areas of life. 18

Marshmallow Test Explained Self-control often requires that we ignore immediate rewards in favor of larger, delayed rewards. Compared to the children who failed the marshmallow test, the children who passed it demonstrated greater personal and social competence in adulthood. Consideration of the future consequences of one’s behaviour seems to be associated with better health, greater job success, and stonger interpersonal relations. Self-control may be the master virtue. Source: Pursuing Human Strengths 19

Journal Entry How does the marshmallow test relate to you? Are you able to delay gratification? If yes, how? If no, why not? Give concrete examples. 20

Marshmallow Test and Emotional Intelligence How does Emotional Intelligence have anything to do with the Marshmallow Test? 21