Chapter 22: Asian transitions in an age of global change

The asian trading world and the coming of the europeans Asian Sea Trading Network can be broken down into three major zones. Asia only interested in Europe for gold and silver - Arab Zone- glass, carpets, tapestries, horses, slaves, gold, glassware, ivory, forest products, animal hides -Indian Zone- cotton textiles, gems, elephants, salt, cinnamon -Chinese Zone- spices, silver, paper, porcelain, silk textiles Most trading was done on the coast. Spice was the most valued Europeans attempted to regulate and dominate the trading system, no single power controlled.

The asian trading world and the coming of the europeans - Portuguese took what they could not get through fair trade by force The Portuguese built fortresses on a number of strategic points on the Asian trade network Ormuz Goa Malacca The aim was to establish a Portuguese monopoly over key Asian products. -Never got

Malacca Ormuz Goa Portuguese fortified centers

The asian trading world and the coming of the europeans -Portuguese did not have the soldiers or ships to maintain monopolies. -The Dutch and the British challenged the Portuguese trading empire and both established trading centers. -The Dutch overtook Malacca and built their own port of Batavia in British forced to retreat to India. -Dutch trading empire was similar to the Portuguese. -Dutch used peaceful means to enter the Asian market.

The asian trading world and the coming of the europeans - Asian armies were able to resist European inroads because of the superior numbers of soldiers. -In some situations, Europeans were able to penetrate Asian towns and control trade from there. -Spanish conquered Luzon and tried to conquer Mindanao. -Once Europeans penetrated land, they were less successful. -In places that they were successful, Europe permitted the already established govt., but forced them to pay tribute, mainly in agricultural products. -Spanish imposed tribute regimes similar to those imposed on Native Americans in the New World.

The asian trading world and the coming of the europeans -Portuguese and Spanish tried to convert parts of Asia, but were mostly unsuccessful. -Islam was already established (SE Asia) -India was one of the most promising fields for religious conversion. -Conversion of general population in Asia occurred only in isolate areas. -Biggest success for conversion to Christianity occurred in the Philippines. -Many still kept traditional beliefs

Ming china: A global mission refused - Ming Dynasty ( ) was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang, a military commander of peasant origins. -Zhu grew up under Mongol rule. -Alternated between begging and living in a monastery to survive ’s- Zhu left the monastery to join a rebellion against the Mongols. -His armies overthrew the Mongols and took back most of China. -Zhu declared himself Hongwu emperor in 1368.

Ming china: A global mission refused -Hongwu used the scholar-gentry system to revive Chinese civilization. -Examination system was routinized and made more complex. -Exams took several days to complete and were held in two out of three years. -Those who passed were eligible to take more exams, given every three years. -Test takers competed for degrees and then for positions in the bureaucracy.

Ming china: A global mission refused -Hongwu sought to limit influence of administrators. -Abolished the position of chief minister. - Public beatings were given to those bureaucrats found guilty of corruption or incompetence. -Hongwu declared that the emperor’s wives should only come from humble family origins. -Potential rivals were exiled.

Ming china: A global mission refused -Hongwu introduced measures that would improve life for common people. -Gentry families enjoyed special benefits. -Growing gap between the wealthy and the poor. -Women continued to be subordinate to men. -Social status of elite women. -Social status of non-elite women.

Ming china: A global mission refused - Population increased during the Ming dynasty and commercialization expanded. -New crops were introduced (corn, sweet potatoes, peanuts.) --Very little culture exchange - Population: 14th century: 80 million, 1600: 120 million people -China had advanced handicraft industries that were in high demand. - Merchant classes reaped the biggest profits.

Ming china: A global mission refused Zheng He led seven major overseas expeditions. -First four expeditions were to southeastern Asian seas and kingdoms. -Last three expeditions were to Persia, southern Arabica and the eastern coast of Africa. -Zheng He had 62 ships in his initial fleet with 28,000 crew members. -Some ships in his fleets were over 400 feet long.

Ming china: A global mission refused First imperial edict was issued to limit Chinese overseas commerce. -Jesuit missionaries targeted the rulers and his chief advisors. -Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall (Jesuit scholars) used scientific knowledge and technical skills to convert the elite. -Mediocre and incompetent rulers brought down the Ming dynasty. -Peasant life declined dramatically. -Internal disorder was intensified by foreign invasions. Last Ming emperor= Chongzhen

Fending off the west: japan’s reunification and the first challenge -By the 16th century, after the daimyo stalemate and recurring civil war, Japan needed to restore unity Nobunaga, a military leader, disposed of the last Ashikaga shoguns. -Started centralization of Japan -Got rid of the last of the shoguns He unified much of the central Honshu and drove armies against the western daimyo. -Toyotomi Hideyoshi continued Nobunaga’s military campaign. -Nobunaga’s most successful campaign -Hideyoshi launched attacks on Korea (1592, 1597). -Continued destroying daimyos Military overload of a united Japan

Fending off the west: japan’s reunification and the first challenge -Tokugawa Ieyasu did not continue Hideyoshi’s military campaigns but focused on consolidating power at home. -Ieyasu was granted the title of shogun and organized the remaining daimyos. -Most of the lands in central Honshu were under the control of the Tokugawa family. -Tokugawas’s victory put an end to the civil wars and brought political unity to Japan.

Fending off the west: japan’s reunification and the first challenge -European traders began visiting the islands in increasing numbers Europe attempted to penetrate Japan -Traders and missionaries brought firearms, printing presses and other western devices. -Firearms changed civil struggle -Christian missionaries arrived and set off to convert the Japanese to Roman Catholicism. -Late 1580’s, the missionaries fell out of favor. -Japanese were concerned with possible European conquest.

Fending off the west: japan’s reunification and the first challenge -Official measures to restrict foreign activities in Japan. -Hideyoshi ordered Christian missionaries to leave Japan. -Christianity was banned in Western books banned -Foreign traders were confined to a few cities. -Trade limited to a few Dutch and Chinese ships -Japanese ships forbidden to trade or sail overseas. -Deshima came the only island where trade could occur. -Mid 17th century- Japan’s isolation was almost totally complete. -Only elite kept track of Western technology -School of National Learning: emphasized native Japanese culture and replaced Confucianism

Review 1.Europeans learned that the most successful missionary work in Asia occurred by a.Having missionaries use local languages and become acclimated to native cultures b.Forcibly converting the Muslims and Hindus to Christianity c.Converting the poorest and lowest social classes first d.Converting the elites first; the other classes would follow e.Converting areas that had not been converted to Islam.

Review 1.The first Ming emperors of China attempted to end all of these abuses EXCEPT: a.The position of chief minister, who had too much power b.Dishonesty, disloyalty, and laziness c.Court factions and conspiracies d.The influence of the Emperor’s wives and their relatives e.the influence of the scholar gentry

Review 1.In the 17 th century, the Japanese dealt with the long- term European challenge by a. allying with the Portuguese against other Europeans b.Permitting the Jesuits to convert the Japanese to Christianity c.Permitting the Europeans to establish a trading monopoly in Japan d.Self-imposed isolation and forbidding most contact with Europeans e.Adapting European customs and technology