The fall of Tokugawa and the Meiji Restoration Japan The fall of Tokugawa and the Meiji Restoration 明治維新

How do you create a nation out of 250 domains? Goal How do you create a nation out of 250 domains?

What did Japan realize after Perry’s visit? Japan Meets the west What did Japan realize after Perry’s visit? How should Japan react? Three groups brainstorm your position

What is surprising about this picture from the 1890s? Key Dates 1603 – 1867 Tokugawa Shogunate 1853 Commodore Perry arrives 1854 Treaty of Kanagawa 1890 This picture What’s surprising about this picture from the 1890s? What does it tell us about Japan in the period after the overthrow of the Tokugawa Shogunate? What is surprising about this picture from the 1890s? What does it tell us about Japan in the period after Western Intervention?

A zen moment: centre yourself

Review Power was in Edo (T______), the home of the T________ clan The Emperor lived in K_________ S______ policy isolated Japan from the West, but Commodore P______ used G________ diplomacy to force Japan to open ports with the treaty of K_________ Samurai are the elite but becoming administrators M________ are becoming wealthier Daimyo lords rule regions (h____) but they are becoming more independent Tokyo Tokugawa Kyoto Sakoku Perry Gunboat Kanagawa Merchants han

Why did the Tokugawa Shogunate fall? the internal decay of feudal society and    Tokugawa hostage system ("Sankin-kotai") b) pressure from the Western nations

1 How did the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) impact the fall of the Shogun? What was the danger of refusing to open Japan to the West? What was the danger of opening Japan to the West? Do you feel for the Shogun? The Kanagawa treaty was followed by the United States-Japan Treaty of Amity and Commerce, the "Harris Treaty" of 1858, which allowed the establishment of foreign concessions, extra-territoriality for foreigners, and minimal import taxes for foreign goods.

How did knowing about China impact the Shogun’s decision to open to the West? In 1862, just before the start of the Meiji period, Tokugawa sent officials and scholars to China to study the situation there. A Japanese recorded in his diary from Shanghai… The Chinese have become servants to the foreigners. Sovereignty may belong to China but in fact it's no more than a colony of Great Britain and France.

China’s unequal treaties warn Japan After the Opium Wars many in the Shogun’s government were convinced that it had to open up to the West or face the fate of China

Baku-han system decentralized power 2 Baku-han system decentralized power Over 250 Daimyos have great autonomy Many are ignoring directions from Edo Do you know other countries where politics is decentralized?

3 How did the samurai, especially the Ronin, react to the West? Ronin Xenophobic Murders of foreigners Many ronin become v xenophobic – the result of feelings of threat, lost culture, fierce pride, social change, new commercial values. Great number of foreigners arrived to Yokohama, their arrogance and independent behavior giving rise to trouble with the samurai. Murders of foreigners and collaborative Japanese soon occurred. 1859, a Russian sailor was cut to pieces in the streets of Yokohama.In early 1860, two Dutch captains were slaughtered, in Yokohama. Seven years after Perry: foreign traders in Yokohama port 1861 What impact might this have on Japanese society? A woodblock print by ukiyo-e master Utagawa Kuniyoshi depicting famous rōnin Miyamoto Musashi having his fortune told.

3 Why do the samurai, especially the Ronin, become xenophobic? After the Tokugawa treaties opened Japanese ports to European powers, many Ronin become xenophobic - the result of feelings of: threat, lost culture, fierce pride, social change, and / or new commercial values

1860s: increasing instability 3 Ronin killed the pro-foreign official for signing a treaty with the US Then committed seppuku Very dangerous in Edo for Shogun officials and foreigners

Expel the barbarians! 3

3 The murder of a British merchant Charles Richardson murdered in 1863 when he failed to dismount from his horse when passing a procession of Satsuma samurai.

The Shi-shi (“Men of High Purpose”) Highly idealistic samurai who felt that the arrival of Westerners was an attack on the traditional values of Japan. They believed that: Japan was sacred ground. The Emperor, now a figurehead in Kyoto, was a God. Were furious at the Shogun for signing treaties with the West without the Emperor’s consent. Their slogan  Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians!

Ryoma was one of these Shi Shi. They feared European colonisation of Japan. They believed the Tokugawa were to blame for Japan’s weakness. The young Emperor agreed with these xenophobic views – that Japan had been humiliated by foreigners – and encouraged policies to expel them.

Of what does this remind you? Compare and contrast Cixi and the Boxers Cixi and the Boxers Emperor and the Shi-shi

Another zen moment: centre yourself

Anti-Tokugawa parties Lower samurai Satsuma and Choshu Merchants The Meiji Restoration thus was the outcome of this coalition of merchant class with the lower samurai. 38,000 samurai, large kingdoms, not confined to the members of the traditional warrior class but accepted small townsmen and peasants as volunteers Monopolies for Tokugawa- other clans want a piece "Expel the Barbarians"

The Satsuma - Choshu Alliance (March 1866) Satsuma had lost confidence in the Shogunate and doubted the real motive of the Shogunate. Choshu realized that their "Expel the barbarians" policy was impractical. Satsuma- kill brit for not paying repsect to a high up British retaliate and the Satsuma impressed by British naval force Three years later they are inviting the British Naval officers over

The Satsuma and Choshu Clans Saigo Takamori of the Satsuma clan

The Meiji Revolt - 1868 An alliance of low ranking samurai from Satsuma and Choshu plot to overthrow the Shogun The Sat-Cho Alliance Sakamoto Ryoma and Saigo Takamori played a key role

The Shogunate Is Overthrown! The Sat-Cho alliance with the court is too strong Tokugawa Yoshinobu forced to resign

Important People Tokugawa Yoshinobu the 15th and last shogun (1866-1868) 1872 Mutsuhito Emperor Meiji (1868-1912) Yoshinobu – shogun 1866-68 – he did try to modernise but too late. The young Emperor Meiji, 1867-1912.Not as anti foreign as his father Emperor Komei. 14 on ascension. His wife had no children but he had 15 to 5 ladies in waiting! Empress Shōken Empress Shōken 1873

1868: The Emperor restored to power The Emperor moves with Sat-Cho armies to conquered Edo It is renamed Tokyo (eastern capital) MEIJI  “Enlightened Rule”

The Meiji Emperor moves from Kyoto to Tokyo Source:"Le Monde Illustre", February 20th, 1869.

Emperor Meiji

Review: Tokugawa to Meiji Satsuma and Choshu clans unite to rebel against Tokugawa “Expel the barbarian, restore the Emperor” 1867 the Emperor is “restored” to power Civil war between Tokugawa and Sat-Cho forces Sat-Cho clans win 1868 The new Imperial government drops promise to expel foreigners They accelerate modernisation!

Japan Learns a Lesson Japanese were sent abroad to learn from the West. But among the Japanese, there has never been the scornful indifference that has often characterized the Chinese attitude towards foreigners. The Japanese have never been too proud to learn. It appeared therefore strange reversal of the whole situation for the anti-foreign monarchical party and, in effect, became pro-foreign almost overnight.

Search for three minutes to find your favorite piece of Ukiyo-e edo Late edo prints, art Ukiyo-e edo

Meiji Restoration 1868 -1912 Chronology 1573-1600, “Warring States” - Transitional Era 1635, Shogunate forbids Japanese to travel overseas 1639, Portugese ships forbidden; Japan closed to outside world 1641, Dutch Trading Mission is moved to Nagasaki 1600-1868, Tokugawa Period - Centralized Feudalism era 1853-54, Perry Mission to “open” Japan 1854, Japan concludes friendship treaties with U.S., Britain, France & Netherlands; three ports open to foreign trade 1868, Meiji Restoration 1877, Satsuma Rebellion 1881, Sale of government industries to new zaibatsau 1889, Meiji Constitution 1894-5,Sino-Japanese War, Japan becomes imperialist power 1904-5, Russo-Japanese War 1910, colonization of Korea 1912, emperor Meji dies