Public Policing and Private Security Chapter 5

The History of Police  Pledge System  Tythings  Hundredman (constable)  Shires  Shire Reeves  Watch System  Justice of the Peace

The History of Police  Private Police and Thief Takers  Universally corrupt  Court bailiffs also acted as thief takers  Violence was notorious  Fielding’s Bow Street Runners were a marked improvement

The History of Police  The London Metropolitan Police  Sir Robert Peel’s legislation established the first organized police force in London  Still plagued by corruption  Unsuccessful at stopping crime  Influenced by the wealthy

The History of Police  Law Enforcement in Colonial America paralleled the British model  Kept the peace and fought crime, also collected taxes and supervised elections  In rural areas, “slave patrols” were an early form of law enforcement

The History of Police  Early Police Agencies  Boston, New York, Philadelphia  Political  Primitive  Little training  No education in the law  Minimum supervision  Unlimited discretion

The History of Police  Twentieth-Century Reform  Police administrative boards to reduce corruption  State legislator takeover

The History of Police  The Emergence of Professionalism  The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)  Civil service police force  Centralized organizational structure  Specialized units  The Wickersham Commission

Thinking Point Search on YouTube for a video on the history of the police. Try to find something that pre-dates the 1960s. Discuss how this fits into the preconceived notions you had of policing during this period. Are you surprised? Why or why not? How is policing different today? For better or worse?

Modern Policing from the 1960s to the 1990s  Policing in the 1960s  U.S. Supreme Court Decisions designed to control police operations and procedures  Growing tension between police and public  Growing crime rate

Modern Policing from the 1960’s to the 1990’s  Policing in the 1970s  Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) devoted a significant portion of its funds to police agencies  Much of which was used for advanced training of officers and research  Women and minority recruits

Modern Policing from the 1960s to the 1990s  Policing in the 1980s  The police role was changing  Police unions began to grow  End of LEAA

Modern Policing from the 1960s to the 1990s  Policing in the 1990s  Rodney King prompted an era of reform  Reforms  Community policing  Diversity in police departments

Thinking Point Watch 1 or 2 videos on YouTube of the Rodney King incident. Then read 1 or 2 newspaper articles of the event. How do you believe this event contributed to police reform? What is one way you believe policing would be different today had this incident not occurred?

Policing and Law Enforcement Today  The U.S. Department of Justice is the legal arm of the federal government  Maintains several separate divisions that are responsible for enforcing federal laws and protecting U.S. citizens  Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)  Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)  U.S. Marshals

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS)  Preventing terrorist attacks within the United States, reducing America’s vulnerability to terrorism, and minimizing the damage and aiding recovery from attacks that do occur  Customs and Border Protection  Immigration and Customs Enforcement  U.S. Secret Service

Policing and Law Enforcement Today  State Law Enforcement Agencies  Legislatively created to deal with the growing incidence of crime in nonurban areas  County Law Enforcement Agencies  Some sheriff’s departments are exclusively law enforcement oriented; some carry out only court- related duties; some are involved solely in correctional and judicial matters and not in law enforcement  Metropolitan Law Enforcement Agencies  Make up the majority of the nation’s law enforcement

Thinking Point Watch an episode of COPS on television and discuss the portrayal of criminals, the portrayal of the police, the portrayal of the crime, and the fear of crime aroused by the show. Do you think the television show represents reality on any of these levels? Why or why not? What impact does the misrepresentation have?

Private Policing  A multi-billion-dollar industry  Well in excess of 10,000 firms  More than 2 million employees  Some private security firms have become billion-dollar companies

Private Policing  Reasons for Private Policing  Nongovernmental provision of important services, particularly crime control  Growth of mass private property  Belief that government police are not capable of providing the level of service and presence that the public desires

Private Policing  Criticisms of Private Policing  Motive  Replace government  Applicability of Fourth Amendment

Private and Public Policing Compared  Focus on loss instead of crime  Preventive methods  Private justice  Private property

Types of Private Policing  Protective policing  Intelligence policing  Publicly contracted policing  Corporate policing

Technology and Law Enforcement  Identifying Criminals  Linking computer software  Computerized imaging systems  Data mining  Locating Criminals  Gun detectors  CCTV  Enclosed Space Detection Systems  Thermal imagers

Technology and Law Enforcement  Crime Scene Investigation  High-definition surveying (HDS)  Crime Mapping  Hot spots  Alternative mapping initiatives  GPS

Violent Crime in Providence, Rhode Island

Technology and Law Enforcement  Biometrics  Fingerprint identification  Voice  Retina  Facial features  Handwriting  Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS)

Technology and Law Enforcement  DNA Testing  RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism)  PCR (polymerase chain reaction)  FBI Forensic Science Research and Training Center  Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)

Technology and Law Enforcement  Social Media and Networking  Facebook  MySpace  Twitter  Nixle