CHAPTER 6 Duane A. Garrett & Jason S. DeRouchie A MODERN GRAMMAR FOR BIBLICAL HEBREW (B&H, 2009)

Hebrew Verbs CHAPTER 6

Inflected Vocabulary If יִתֵּן means “(he) will give,” what does מֶ ֫ לֶךְ יִתֵּן mean? If יָק ֫ וּמוּ means “(they) will arise,” what does שׁוֹפְטִים יָק ֫ וּמוּ mean? If יָלְדָה means “(she) bore,” what does אִשָּׂה יָלְדָה mean?

Inflected Verbs: Meanings MEANIN G VERBGLOSS ALTERNATIVE TRANSLATIONS arise קָם “(he) arose”“(he) arises”; “(he) has/had risen” יָק ֫ וּמוּ “(they) will arise” “(they) should arise”; “used to arise”; “are arising” encircle וַיּ ֫ ָסָב “and (he) encircled”“and (he) encircles” fall יִפֹּל “(he) will fall”“(he) should fall”; “used to fall”; “is falling” תִּפֹּל “(she) will fall” “(she) should fall”; “used to fall”; “is falling” give אֶתֵּן “(I) will give”“(I) should/used to/am going to give”

Inflected Verbs: Meanings MEANIN G VERBGLOSS ALTERNATIVE TRANSLATIONS arise קָם “(he) arose”“(he) arises”; “(he) has/had risen” יָק ֫ וּמוּ “(they) will arise” “(they) should arise”; “used to arise”; “are arising” encircle וַיּ ֫ ָסָב “and (he) encircled”“and (he) encircles” fall יִפֹּל “(he) will fall”“(he) should fall”; “used to fall”; “is falling” תִּפֹּל “(she) will fall” “(she) should fall”; “used to fall”; “is falling” give אֶתֵּן “(I) will give”“(I) should/used to/am going to give”

Inflected Verbs: Meanings MEANIN G VERBGLOSS ALTERNATIVE TRANSLATIONS arise קָם “(he) arose” יָק ֫ וּמוּ “(they) will arise”Yiqtol encircle וַיּ ֫ ָסָב “and (he) encircled” fall יִפֹּל “(he) will fall”Yiqtol תִּפֹּל “(she) will fall”Yiqtol give אֶתֵּן “(I) will give”Yiqtol

Inflected Verbs: Meanings MEANIN G VERBGLOSS ALTERNATIVE TRANSLATIONS arise קָם “(he) arose”“(he) arises”; “(he) has/had risen” יָק ֫ וּמוּ “(they) will arise” “(they) should arise”; “used to arise”; “are arising” encircle וַיּ ֫ ָסָב “and (he) encircled”“and (he) encircles” fall יִפֹּל “(he) will fall”“(he) should fall”; “used to fall”; “is falling” תִּפֹּל “(she) will fall” “(she) should fall”; “used to fall”; “is falling” give אֶתֵּן “(I) will give”“(I) should/used to/am going to give”

Inflected Verbs: Meanings MEANIN G VERBGLOSS ALTERNATIVE TRANSLATIONS arise קָם “(he) arose”Qatal יָק ֫ וּמוּ “(they) will arise” encircle וַיּ ֫ ָסָב “and (he) encircled” fall יִפֹּל “(he) will fall” תִּפֹּל “(she) will fall” give אֶתֵּן “(I) will give”

Inflected Verbs: Meanings MEANIN G VERBGLOSS ALTERNATIVE TRANSLATIONS arise קָם “(he) arose”“(he) arises”; “(he) has/had risen” יָק ֫ וּמוּ “(they) will arise” “(they) should arise”; “used to arise”; “are arising” encircle וַיּ ֫ ָסָב “and (he) encircled”“and (he) encircles” fall יִפֹּל “(he) will fall”“(he) should fall”; “used to fall”; “is falling” תִּפֹּל “(she) will fall” “(she) should fall”; “used to fall”; “is falling” give אֶתֵּן “(I) will give”“(I) should/used to/am going to give”

Inflected Verbs: Meanings MEANIN G VERBGLOSS ALTERNATIVE TRANSLATIONS arise קָם “(he) arose” יָק ֫ וּמוּ “(they) will arise” encircle וַיּ ֫ ָסָב “and (he) encircled”Wayyiqtol fall יִפֹּל “(he) will fall” תִּפֹּל “(she) will fall” give אֶתֵּן “(I) will give”

Inflected Verbs: PGN MEANIN G VERBGLOSS PERSON/GENDER/NUMBER arise קָם “(he) arose”“(he) arises”; “(he) has/had risen” יָק ֫ וּמוּ “(they) will arise” “(they) should arise”; “used to arise”; “are arising” encircle וַיּ ֫ ָסָב “and (he) encircled”“and (he) encircles” fall יִפֹּל “(he) will fall”“(he) should fall”; “used to fall”; “is falling” תִּפֹּל “(she) will fall” “(she) should fall”; “used to fall”; “is falling” give אֶתֵּן “(I) will give”“(I) should/used to/am going to give”

Inflected Verbs: PGN MEANIN G VERBGLOSS PERSON arise קָם “(he) arose”third יָק ֫ וּמוּ “(they) will arise”third encircle וַיּ ֫ ָסָב “and (he) encircled”third fall יִפֹּל “(he) will fall”third תִּפֹּל “(she) will fall”third give אֶתֵּן “(I) will give”first

Inflected Verbs: PGN MEANIN G VERBGLOSS GENDER arise קָם “(he) arose”masculine יָק ֫ וּמוּ “(they) will arise”common encircle וַיּ ֫ ָסָב “and (he) encircled”masculine fall יִפֹּל “(he) will fall”masculine תִּפֹּל “(she) will fall”feminine give אֶתֵּן “(I) will give”common

Inflected Verbs: PGN MEANIN G VERBGLOSS NUMBER arise קָם “(he) arose”singular יָק ֫ וּמוּ “(they) will arise”plural encircle וַיּ ֫ ָסָב “and (he) encircled”singular fall יִפֹּל “(he) will fall”singular תִּפֹּל “(she) will fall”singular give אֶתֵּן “(I) will give”singular

Verb Tense, Mood, Voice, & Aspect CATEGOR Y DEFINITIONENGLISH EXAMPLE Tense Tells whether the situation expressed by the verb is past, present, or future Simple past (“he ate it”); future (“he will eat it”) Mood Answers whether the action or state of the verb is actual or merely possible Indicative mood (“he eats vegetables”); subjunctive mood (“he should eat vegetables”) Voice Expresses whether the subject acts or is acted upon Active (“Bill hit the ball”); passive (“The ball was hit by Bill”) Aspect How a speaker portrays or represents an action or state See Next Slide

Verbal Aspect PerfectiveImperfective Portrays action as a complete whole (wide-angle lens perspective) Portrays action as an open- ended process (telephoto lens perspective) Taken from etrodome.htm etrodome.htm Bears take down Vikings’ Troy Williamson (#82) on Sept. 24, 2006; Photo by Doug Pensinger/Getty Images

Verbal Aspect PerfectiveImperfective Portrays action as a complete whole (wide-angle lens perspective) Portrays action as an open- ended process (telephoto lens perspective) “The prof ate the apple.” “He did not eat the apple.” “He eats apples.” “If he gets hungry, he will eat an apple.” “The professor was eating the apple.” “He will eat the apple over the next hour.” “He is eating the apple.” “He should eat.”

Hebrew Verb Tense, Mood, & Aspect Qatal (Perfect) Has past tense, indicative mood, and perfective aspect as its default but may be present or present perfect in tense. Wayyiqtol Has past tense, indicative mood, and perfective aspect as its default, and it has “and” in front of it (as in “and he did”). Yiqtol (Imperfect) Has future indicative as its default, but context and syntax are important for determining its function: 1) First position = usually Modal (“he should do”) 2) Non-first position = usually Indicative future (“he will do”) or past (“he used to do”) 3) Past or present context = usually Imperfective