Tropical Jets and Disturbances

African Easterly Waves (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

African Easterly Waves (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

African Easterly Waves: Total Wind (Figure obtained from Reed et al. (1977), © 1977 American Meteorological Society.) surface850 hPa 200 hPa700 hPa

African Easterly Waves: Wave Only (Figure obtained from Reed et al. (1977), © 1977 American Meteorological Society.) surface850 hPa 200 hPa700 hPa

African Easterly Waves: Vorticity (Figure obtained from Reed et al. (1977), © 1977 American Meteorological Society.) surface850 hPa 200 hPa700 hPa

African Easterly Waves: Divergence (Figure obtained from Reed et al. (1977), © 1977 American Meteorological Society.) surface850 hPa 200 hPa700 hPa

African Easterly Waves: ω’ (Figure obtained from Reed et al. (1977), © 1977 American Meteorological Society.) 850 hPa300 hPa

African Easterly Waves: T’, RH’ (Figure obtained from Reed et al. (1977), © 1977 American Meteorological Society.) 850 hPa 300 hPa T' RH'

AEW Vertical Structure: v’, u’, ζ’, D’ (Figure obtained from Reed et al. (1977), © 1977 American Meteorological Society.) v'u' ζ'D' all cross-sections are along central latitude of wave

AEW Vertical Structure: ω’, T’, RH’ (Figure obtained from Reed et al. (1977), © 1977 American Meteorological Society.) ω'ω'T'RH' all cross-sections are along central latitude of wave

African Easterly Waves: Clouds and Rain (Figure obtained from Reed et al. (1977), © 1977 American Meteorological Society.) cloud rain rate

Tropical Easterly Jet (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

African Easterly Jet: Climatology (Figure obtained from Cook (1999), © 1999 American Meteorological Society.) 600 hPa U NCEP Reanalysis 500 hPa U ECMWF Climatology

African Easterly Jet: Climatology (Figure obtained from Cook (1999), © 1999 American Meteorological Society.) Vertical cross- section at 0° longitude, NCEP Reanalysis

African Easterly Jet: Climatology (Figure obtained from Thorncroft and Blackburn (1999), © 1999 Wiley Interscience.) Vertical cross- section at 5°E Vertical cross- section averaged between 10°E- 31°W

African Easterly Jet: Climatology (Figure obtained from Cook (1999), © 1999 American Meteorological Society.) 600 hPa height and (u,v), NCEP Reanalysis 925 hPa height and (u,v), NCEP Reanalysis

African Easterly Jet: Climatology (Figure obtained from Cook (1999), © 1999 American Meteorological Society.) Meridional temperature gradient at 12.5°N (*2x10 -6 K m -1 )

African Easterly Jet: Schematic (Figure obtained from Thorncroft and Blackburn (1999), © 1999 Wiley Interscience.) N

Saharan Air Layer (Figure obtained from Karyampudi and Carlson (1988), © 1988 American Meteorological Society.) Over Africa (solid) Along Coast (dash)

Saharan Air Layer (Figure obtained from Karyampudi and Carlson (1988), © 1988 American Meteorological Society.) SAL Height (hPa): Top (dash) Base (solid) SAL Thickness (hPa)

Saharan Air Layer (Figure obtained from Dunion (2011), © 2011 American Meteorological Society.)