David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, © 2014 Myers’ Psychology for AP ®, 2e AP ® is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board ®, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

Module 70: Introduction to Therapy, and Psychodynamic and Humanistic Therapies

Dorothea Dix (April 4, 1802 – July 17, 1887) was an American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums. During the Civil War, she served as a Superintendent of Army Nurses

Psychotherapy = treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

Biomedical therapy = prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient’s physiology.

Eclectic approach = an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

Psychoanalysis = Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences – and the therapist’s interpretations of them – released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

Free association In free association, psychoanalytic patients are invited to relate whatever comes into their minds during the analytic session, and not to censor their thoughts. This technique is intended to help the patient learn more about what he or she thinks and feels, in an atmosphere of non- judgmental curiosity and acceptance

Resistance = in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.

Interpretation = in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.

Dream analysis Freud believed that the manifest content of a dream, or the actually imagery and events of the dream, served to disguise the latent content, or the unconscious wishes of the dreamer.

Transference = in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).

Psychodynamic therapy = therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self- insight.

Aims of psychodynamic therapy: -The goals of psychodynamic therapy are a client’s self- awareness and understanding of the influence of the past on present behavior. Similarities with psychoanalysis: -both believe in ID, Ego, and Superego -importance of unconscious in shaping personality -dynamics of anxiety and defense mechanisms Differences with psychoanalysis: -more emphasis on the conscious mind’s interpreting experience and dealing with the environment -doesn’t believe sex and aggression is all consuming

Humanistic Therapies

Insight therapies Humanistic therapies promote: –Boost people’s self-fulfillment –Promoting growth instead of curing –Taking immediate responsibility –Conscious rather than the unconscious thoughts –the present and future rather than the past

Complete Self Reinforcement Questionnaire

Humanistic Therapies Client-centered therapy –Nondirective therapy –Genuineness, acceptance, and empathy –Active listeningActive listening Paraphrase Invite clarification Reflect feelings –Unconditional positive regardUnconditional positive regard

Watch Big Bang Theory Season 3 episode 18- Sheldon’s Therapies

Behavior Therapies

Behavior Therapy = therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. *NOTE: Behavior therapies concentrate on observable behaviors not thoughts or feelings

Classical Conditioning Techniques Counterconditioning = a behavior therapy procedure that used classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

Exposure therapies = behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid. = a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed sate with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. Systematic desensitization

Virtual reality = an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking. Exposure therapy used to treat anxiety disorders. It involves the exposure of the patient to the feared object or context without any danger, in order to overcome their anxiety.

Aversive conditioning = a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).

Aversive Conditioning

Operant Conditioning Behavior modification =The application of learning techniques such as conditioning, biofeedback, reinforcement, or aversion therapy in order to change a person’s behavior. Token economy = an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.

Criticisms -How durable are the behaviors? -Is it right for one human to control another’s behavior? HwSkU

Cognitive Therapies

Cognitive therapy = therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

Cognitive Therapies

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) = a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions.

Aaron Beck’s Therapy for Depression –Catastrophizing beliefs –Reveals irrational thinking –Gentler than rational-emotive therapy

Cognitive-behavioral therapy –Combines cognitive and behavioral therapies –Aims to change the person’s thinking and behavior MCaIcU&nohtml5=False

Please Complete the Selected Cognitive Therapy Techniques chart with the following slides

Cognitive Therapies

Complete the Comparing Modern Psychotherapies chart with the following slides

Comparing Modern Psychotherapies

Group and Family Therapies

Group therapy = therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction.

Family therapy = therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.

Self-help groups =also known as mutual help, mutual aid, or support groups, are groups of people who provide mutual support for each other. In a self-help group, the members share a common problem, often a common disease or addiction (like AA).

Evaluating Psychotherapies

Is Psychotherapy Effective? Client’s perceptions- YES! Of course nobody wants to admit they spent all this money for nothing and sometimes mental issues are worst when life events happen, when these are resolved so is the mental issue Clinician’s perceptions- Yes! They seem to get well and don’t return Outcome research –Meta-analysisMeta-analysis = a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies- Yes but modestly so

Evidence-based practice = clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.

Evaluating Alternative Therapies Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)- 84%-100% of people in study said yes Light exposure therapy for Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)- 61% improved but so did 50% of placebo patients

Commonalities Among Psychotherapies Hope for demoralized people A new perspective An empathic, trusting, caring relationship Therapeutic alliance = a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem.

Similarities between cultures- therapies reflect the basic ethics and world view of their culture and can thus be different around the world Differences between cultures- One should understand the therapists views since most patients treatment will be based on this and usually adopt this view as well 6mLgOs

Please fill in the Therapist and their Training Chart as we go through the next slides

Therapist and their Training

Preventing Psychological Disorders

Resilience = the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma. =

Drug Therapies

Psychopharmacology = the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.Psychopharmacology Factors to consider with drug therapy –Normal recovery rate of untreated patients –Placebo effect Double blind procedure

Antipsychotic drugs= drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder.Antipsychotic drugs –Psychoses –Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) –Dopamine –Tardive dyskinesia –Risperidone and olanzapine

Antianxiety drugs –Xanax, Ativan, D-cycloserine –Physiological dependence = drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.

Antidepressant drugs –Use with mood and anxiety disorders –Fluoxetine (Prozac), Paxil Selective-serotonin-reuptake inhibitors Neurogenesis –Side effects of antidepressants = drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder. (Several widely used antidepressants are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors – SSRIs.)

Drug Therapies Antidepressant Drugs

Mood-stabilizing medications –Lithium –Depakote

Electroconvulsive therapy –Procedure –Severe depression –Problems/side effects = a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

Also known as… Deep-Brain Stimulation = the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulations (rTMS)

Psychosurgery –LobotomyLobotomy = surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. = a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.  History  Procedure  Side effects  Use today

Therapeutic life-style change –Aerobic exercise –Adequate sleep –Light exposure –Social connection –Anti-rumination –Nutritional supplements

Complete the Comparing Biomedical Therapies chart with the next slide

Comparing Biomedical Therapies

The End