3. LIFE IN ANCIENT ROME CITIES ROME--economical capital of the **Ancient World (see picture on pages 184 and 185) 3.1. The Economy A. Agriculture  New techniques: Fertiliser, irrigation, crop rotation, *fallow.  Tools and animals: ploughs, rakes, spades, etc.  Farms: small (belonged to farmers) and big (belonged to richer citizens). *See villas, slaves, and tenant farmers

B. Craftwork  Urban activity  Textiles, furniture, weapons, jewellery, pottery, etc.  Food too: oil, wine, bread, etc. C. Trade  Between Rome, the rest of the Empire, with the north and east of Europe, Africa and Asia (what products do you think?)  It increased because of land routes and the use of money (road and sea transport).

Roman roads in Hispania

3.2. Society Roman society was divided into: A.FREE PEOPLE  Patricians (senators, former magistrates, important landowners, etc.): a minority. Had all political rights and were very rich.  Plebeians: the majority. Had some rights but did not participate in government. They demanded more power and eventually achieved it (*Plebeian Tribune)

(society continued) B. SLAVES  Not considered as people but as objects  Had no rights  Worked but didn’t get paid  Ways to be a slave: be taken prisoner in a war, not paying one’s debts, being the children of slaves.  They could be freed by their owner—liberti C. OTHERS  Tenant farmers: free in theory but serfs in reality (“owned” by the owner of the land they farmed)  Women: belonged to their fathers or husbands. They couldn’t vote but they could own property. Their marriages were arranged.

3.3. Towns A. Main features:  *Grid design  Defensive walls  Two main streets: cardo (north to south) and decumanus (east to west)  A *forum at the crossing of the cardo and the decumanus. B. Two kinds of house:  Domus: one-family houses of the rich.  Insulae: tall buildings with various poorly built apartments. Normally rented to craftsmen, merchants.

Roman Domus

Roman insula **HOMEWORK: page 189, ex. 12, 13, 15, and 19/Drawing

4. RELIGION 4.1. Roman gods. Two types: A.State gods: Jupiter, Juno and Minerva B.Household deities:lares, manes, penates protected the household. There were also:  Some emperors who were worshipped as if they were gods and had temples built in their honour. Who do you think this is? Read list of gods (p.190)/Draw what their symbols might be

4.2. Christianity  Emerged at the beginning of the Roman Empire (27 B.C.).  Monotheistic  They were persecuted and had to hide in *catacombs  In 313 A.D. Emperor Constantine published the Edict of Milan which meant there was freedom of worship in the Empire.  In 380 A.D. Emperor Theodosius proclaimed Christianity to be the official religion.