1 Introduction to the Plant Kingdom Introduction to the Plant Kingdom copyright cmassengale

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3 How Are Plants All Alike? copyright cmassengale

4 Plant Characteristics Multicellular Multicellular Autotrophic (photosynthesis) Autotrophic (photosynthesis) Chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid membranes Chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid membranes Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose (polysaccharide) Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose (polysaccharide) Store reserve food as amylose (starch) Store reserve food as amylose (starch) copyright cmassengale

5 Plant Reproduction Alternation of generations life cycle Alternation of generations life cycle Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage Haploid (1n) gametophyte stage Haploid (1n) gametophyte stage Produce multicellular embryo protected inside multicellular haploid (gametophyte egg sac) tissue Produce multicellular embryo protected inside multicellular haploid (gametophyte egg sac) tissue copyright cmassengale

6 Plant Reproduction Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage produces haploid spores by meiosis Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage produces haploid spores by meiosis Haploid spores undergo mitosis to produce gametophyte stage Haploid spores undergo mitosis to produce gametophyte stage Gametophyte makes gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis Gametophyte makes gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis Zygote (2n) produces the new sporophyte Zygote (2n) produces the new sporophyte copyright cmassengale

lQ;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTY4NwRfcgMyBGZyA3locy1tb3ppbGxhL TAwMgRncHJpZAMzdEk3MzVJVVM5dTVfVU1WbzYxZ25BBG5fcnN sdAMwBG5fc3VnZwM2BG9yaWdpbgNzZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBH BvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzI1BHF1ZXJ5A3Bs YW50IHJlcHJvZHVjdGlvbiwgdmlkZW8EdF9zdG1wAzE0NTgwNTk4Mj M-?p=plant+reproduction%2C+video&fr2=sb-top- search&hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs lQ;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTY4NwRfcgMyBGZyA3locy1tb3ppbGxhL TAwMgRncHJpZAMzdEk3MzVJVVM5dTVfVU1WbzYxZ25BBG5fcnN sdAMwBG5fc3VnZwM2BG9yaWdpbgNzZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBH BvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzI1BHF1ZXJ5A3Bs YW50IHJlcHJvZHVjdGlvbiwgdmlkZW8EdF9zdG1wAzE0NTgwNTk4Mj M-?p=plant+reproduction%2C+video&fr2=sb-top- search&hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs-002 copyright cmassengale7

8 Alternation of Generations 2n Sporophyte 2n gametophyte 1n pollen Ovary with 1n ovules (eggs) 2n seed with plant embryo Sporophyte Gametophyte copyright cmassengale

9 Plant Divisions copyright cmassengale

10 Taxonomy Plants are divided into two groups Plants are divided into two groups Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials Called Vascular System Called Vascular System Vascular Bundles copyright cmassengale

com/yhs/search?p=v ascular+vs.+nonvasc ular+plants%2C+vid eo&ei=UTF- 8&hspart=mozilla&h simp=yhs com/yhs/search?p=v ascular+vs.+nonvasc ular+plants%2C+vid eo&ei=UTF- 8&hspart=mozilla&h simp=yhs com/yhs/search?p=v ascular+vs.+nonvasc ular+plants%2C+vid eo&ei=UTF- 8&hspart=mozilla&h simp=yhs com/yhs/search?p=v ascular+vs.+nonvasc ular+plants%2C+vid eo&ei=UTF- 8&hspart=mozilla&h simp=yhs-002 copyright cmassengale11

12 Vascular System Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used Sap is the fluid carried inside the xylem or phloem Sap is the fluid carried inside the xylem or phloem copyright cmassengale

13 Nonvascular Plants Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materials Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materials Called Bryophytes Called Bryophytes Require a constantly moist environment Require a constantly moist environment Moss Gametophytes & Sporophytes Sporophyte stage Gametophyte Stage copyright cmassengale

14 Nonvascular Plants Plants can’t grow as tall Plants can’t grow as tall Cells must be in direct contact with moisture Cells must be in direct contact with moisture Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell Sperm must swim to egg through water droplets Sperm must swim to egg through water droplets copyright cmassengale

15 Nonvascular Plants Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta) Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta) LiverwortsHornworts copyright cmassengale

16 Main Parts of Vascular Plants Shoots Shoots -Found above ground -Have leaves attached - Photosynthetic part of plant Roots Roots -Found below ground -Absorb water & minerals -Anchor the plant copyright cmassengale

17 Vascular Plants Also called Tracheophytes Also called Tracheophytes Subdivided into two groups -- Seedless vascular plants and Seed- bearing vascular plants Subdivided into two groups -- Seedless vascular plants and Seed- bearing vascular plants Club Moss copyright cmassengale

18 Seedless Vascular Plants Includes club moss (Lycophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta) Includes club moss (Lycophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta) Horsetails Whisk ferns copyright cmassengale

19 Seed-Producing Vascular Plants Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators and produce seeds Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators and produce seeds copyright cmassengale

perms+vs+gymnosperms%2C+video&ei=UTF -8&hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs perms+vs+gymnosperms%2C+video&ei=UTF -8&hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs perms+vs+gymnosperms%2C+video&ei=UTF -8&hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs perms+vs+gymnosperms%2C+video&ei=UTF -8&hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs-002 copyright cmassengale20

21 Gymnosperms Coniferophyta are known as conifers Coniferophyta are known as conifers Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir Cycadophyta – cycads Cycadophyta – cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Ginkgo Cycad copyright cmassengale

22 Gymnosperms Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood copyright cmassengale

23 Angiosperms Flowering plants Flowering plants Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary Ovary is within a flower Ovary is within a flower Flower contains the male (stamen) and/or female (ovaries) parts of the plant Flower contains the male (stamen) and/or female (ovaries) parts of the plant Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries (help disperse seeds) Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries (help disperse seeds) copyright cmassengale

24 Angiosperms Division Anthophyta Division Anthophyta Subdivided into two groups – Monocots and Dicots Subdivided into two groups – Monocots and Dicots Monocots have a single seed cotyledon Monocots have a single seed cotyledon Dicots have two seed cotyledons Dicots have two seed cotyledons copyright cmassengale

25 Monocots Parallel venation in leaves Parallel venation in leaves Flower parts in multiples of 3 Flower parts in multiples of 3 Vascular tissue scattered in cross section of stem Vascular tissue scattered in cross section of stem copyright cmassengale

26 Dicots Net venation in leaves Net venation in leaves Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular tissue in rings in cross section of stem Vascular tissue in rings in cross section of stem copyright cmassengale

27 Plant Uses copyright cmassengale

28 Why We Can’t do Without Plants! Produce oxygen for the atmosphere Produce oxygen for the atmosphere Produce lumber for building Produce lumber for building Provide homes and food for many organisms Provide homes and food for many organisms Prevent erosion Prevent erosion Used for food Used for food copyright cmassengale

29 More Reasons We Can’t do Without Plants! Produce wood pulp for paper products Produce wood pulp for paper products Source of many medicines Source of many medicines Ornamental and shade for yards Ornamental and shade for yards Fibers such as cotton for fabric Fibers such as cotton for fabric Dyes Dyes copyright cmassengale

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