1 Introduction to the Plant Kingdom Introduction to the Plant Kingdom

2 How Are Plants All Alike?

3 Plant Characteristics Multicellular Multicellular Autotrophic (photosynthesis) Autotrophic (photosynthesis) Chlorophyll Chlorophyll cell walls containing cellulose cell walls containing cellulose Store reserve food as starch Store reserve food as starch

4 Plant Reproduction Alternation of generations life cycle Alternation of generations life cycle Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage Haploid (1n) gametophyte stage Haploid (1n) gametophyte stage

5 Plant Divisions

6 Taxonomy two groups based on presence of an internal transport system two groups based on presence of an internal transport system Vascular Bundles

7 Vascular System Xylem tissue carries water minerals Xylem tissue carries water minerals Phloem tissue carries sugars Phloem tissue carries sugars Sap is fluid carried inside xylem or phloem Sap is fluid carried inside xylem or phloem

8 Nonvascular Plants No vascular tissue No vascular tissue Bryophytes Bryophytes Require moist environment Require moist environment Moss Gametophytes & Sporophytes Sporophyte stage Gametophyte Stage

9 Nonvascular Plants can’t grow as tall can’t grow as tall direct contact with moisture direct contact with moisture Materials move by diffusion Materials move by diffusion

10 Nonvascular Plants Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta) Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta) LiverwortsHornworts

11 Main Parts of Vascular Plants Shoots Shoots -Found above ground - Roots -Found below ground -Absorb water & minerals -Anchor the plant

12 Vascular Plants Also called Tracheophytes Also called Tracheophytes Subdivided into two groups -- Seedless vascular plants and Seed- vascular plants Subdivided into two groups -- Seedless vascular plants and Seed- vascular plants Club Moss

13 Seedless Vascular Plants Includes club moss, horsetails, whisk ferns, and ferns Includes club moss, horsetails, whisk ferns, and ferns Horsetails Whisk ferns

14 Seed-Producing Vascular Plants Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds

15 Gymnosperms Coniferophyta (conifer) Coniferophyta (conifer) Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir Cycadophyta – cycads Cycadophyta – cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Ginkgo Cycad

16 Gymnosperms oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood

17 Angiosperms Flowering plants Flowering plants Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries

18 Angiosperms Division Anthophyta Division Anthophyta Subdivided into two groups – Monocots and Dicots Subdivided into two groups – Monocots and Dicots Monocots have a single seed leaf cotyledon Monocots have a single seed leaf cotyledon Dicots have two seed cotyledons Dicots have two seed cotyledons

19 Monocots Parallel venation in leaves Parallel venation in leaves Flower parts in multiples of 3 Flower parts in multiples of 3 Vascular tissue scattered in cross section of stem Vascular tissue scattered in cross section of stem

20 Dicots Net venation in leaves Net venation in leaves Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular tissue in rings in cross section of stem Vascular tissue in rings in cross section of stem

21 Plant Uses

22 Why We Can’t do Without Plants! Produce oxygen for the atmosphere Produce oxygen for the atmosphere Produce lumber for building Produce lumber for building Provide homes and food for many organisms Provide homes and food for many organisms Prevent erosion Prevent erosion Used for food Used for food

23 More Reasons We Can’t do Without Plants! Produce wood pulp for paper products Produce wood pulp for paper products Source of many medicines Source of many medicines Ornamental and shade for yards Ornamental and shade for yards Fibers such as cotton for fabric Fibers such as cotton for fabric Dyes Dyes

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