Thomas Jefferson rd President

Brief Timeline Born in Virginia 1769 – 1744 Served in Virginia House of Burgesses Continental Congress – Youngest delegate – Tasked with writing Declaration of Independence 1777 – drafted Virginia Statute for Religious freedom – disestablishing the Church of England in Virginia and allowing religious toleration, including Jews and Catholics (precursor to establishment and free exercise clauses of 1 st amendment) Born in Virginia 1769 – 1744 Served in Virginia House of Burgesses Continental Congress – Youngest delegate – Tasked with writing Declaration of Independence 1777 – drafted Virginia Statute for Religious freedom – disestablishing the Church of England in Virginia and allowing religious toleration, including Jews and Catholics (precursor to establishment and free exercise clauses of 1 st amendment)

Revolution of Election - First peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another (Federalists  Democratic-Republicans) – Presidency – House of Representatives – Senate 1800 Election - First peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another (Federalists  Democratic-Republicans) – Presidency – House of Representatives – Senate

Smaller Government Idealized farmer as backbone of nation Repealed Alien and Sedition acts, in effect freeing those originally jailed under the laws Reduced size of military Recalled half of American diplomats in Europe Ordered careful review of government spending  reduction in national debt by 1/2 Idealized farmer as backbone of nation Repealed Alien and Sedition acts, in effect freeing those originally jailed under the laws Reduced size of military Recalled half of American diplomats in Europe Ordered careful review of government spending  reduction in national debt by 1/2

Barbary Pirates Operated off coast of North African states – Attacked merchant ships & kidnapped sailors US paid tribute to leaders of these states in exchange for pirates not attacking us (nearly $2 million by 1801!) When ruler of Tripoli wanted more money, he declared war against US – US captured main sea port, forcing Tripoli to sign peace treaty ending payment forever. Pirates from other Barbary states continued to interfere with US shipping. Operated off coast of North African states – Attacked merchant ships & kidnapped sailors US paid tribute to leaders of these states in exchange for pirates not attacking us (nearly $2 million by 1801!) When ruler of Tripoli wanted more money, he declared war against US – US captured main sea port, forcing Tripoli to sign peace treaty ending payment forever. Pirates from other Barbary states continued to interfere with US shipping.

1803 Louisiana Purchase Napoleon’s victories in Europe forced Spain to hand over territories in North America, including Port of New Orleans (remember Pinckney’s treaty?) Jefferson feared France might deny Americans right to use Mississippi – Wanted to make sure farmers could ship goods Napoleon offered Louisiana Territory, which would include Mississippi River, for $15 million – Jefferson had to compromise his strict constructionist position – Doubled size of US – Permanent access to Mississippi – Ensured need for large govt to govern large country –  Lewis & Clark expedition Napoleon’s victories in Europe forced Spain to hand over territories in North America, including Port of New Orleans (remember Pinckney’s treaty?) Jefferson feared France might deny Americans right to use Mississippi – Wanted to make sure farmers could ship goods Napoleon offered Louisiana Territory, which would include Mississippi River, for $15 million – Jefferson had to compromise his strict constructionist position – Doubled size of US – Permanent access to Mississippi – Ensured need for large govt to govern large country –  Lewis & Clark expedition

1803 Marbury v. Madison After losing the 1800 election to Jefferson, Adams was determined to continue his policies into the next administration Goal to fill the courts with Federalists as Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans entered office – Judiciary Act of 1801 created new federal judgeships; Adams appointed several of these new judges during his last days in office (called “midnight appointments” because they were so late in his term) – Jefferson refused to honor appointments  1803 Marbury v. Madison Marbury was one of these last-minute appointments whose commission was not delivered; he sued for new Secretary of State Madison to deliver the commission Established precedent of judicial review, the idea that the Supreme Court had the power to declare actions of other branches unconstitutional – In this case, a clause from the Judiciary Act of 1789 by Congress was declared unconstitutional After losing the 1800 election to Jefferson, Adams was determined to continue his policies into the next administration Goal to fill the courts with Federalists as Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans entered office – Judiciary Act of 1801 created new federal judgeships; Adams appointed several of these new judges during his last days in office (called “midnight appointments” because they were so late in his term) – Jefferson refused to honor appointments  1803 Marbury v. Madison Marbury was one of these last-minute appointments whose commission was not delivered; he sued for new Secretary of State Madison to deliver the commission Established precedent of judicial review, the idea that the Supreme Court had the power to declare actions of other branches unconstitutional – In this case, a clause from the Judiciary Act of 1789 by Congress was declared unconstitutional

Election of 1804 Election of 1800 pointed out flaw in electoral process and how pres. and VP selected 12 th amendment passed in time for Election of 1804 – Changed rules of electoral college so electors now voted separately for pres. & VP Democratic Republican: Jefferson ran as presidential candidate, Burr replaced as VP candidate (had already killed Hamilton in 1804 duel, though charges dropped) with George Clinton Federalist: Charles Pinckney Jefferson was popular and won easily Election of 1800 pointed out flaw in electoral process and how pres. and VP selected 12 th amendment passed in time for Election of 1804 – Changed rules of electoral college so electors now voted separately for pres. & VP Democratic Republican: Jefferson ran as presidential candidate, Burr replaced as VP candidate (had already killed Hamilton in 1804 duel, though charges dropped) with George Clinton Federalist: Charles Pinckney Jefferson was popular and won easily

Embargo Act of British ship Leopard fired on US frigate Chesapeake – American public called for war, Jefferson asked Britain for apology instead – Britain refused Embargo Act of Jefferson convinced Congress to authorize an embargo against ALL of Europe – Believed withholding US goods would force France & Britain to respect US neutrality Disaster! – Hurt Americans more than Europeans – US crops rotted – Thousands in shipping businesses lost jobs – 1809 – Congress repeals Embargo Act days before Jefferson leaves office British ship Leopard fired on US frigate Chesapeake – American public called for war, Jefferson asked Britain for apology instead – Britain refused Embargo Act of Jefferson convinced Congress to authorize an embargo against ALL of Europe – Believed withholding US goods would force France & Britain to respect US neutrality Disaster! – Hurt Americans more than Europeans – US crops rotted – Thousands in shipping businesses lost jobs – 1809 – Congress repeals Embargo Act days before Jefferson leaves office

Triangular Trade For over a century Triangular Trade – New England rum  West African slaves – West African Slaves   West Indies molasses – West Indies molasses   New England rum – West Indies slaves  N & S Americas Jefferson persuaded Congress to end slave trade in 1808 – Ended the importation of slaves in the US Slaves continued to be smuggled illegally For over a century Triangular Trade – New England rum  West African slaves – West African Slaves   West Indies molasses – West Indies molasses   New England rum – West Indies slaves  N & S Americas Jefferson persuaded Congress to end slave trade in 1808 – Ended the importation of slaves in the US Slaves continued to be smuggled illegally