A world’s response  Economic problems were spreading throughout Europe  Fear of depression forced countries to act  Democracy did not seem as trustworthy  Some countries turned to extreme measures  Fascism  Attractive to those who were still upset with WWI and the treaties that followed

Fascism  Fascism= emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader  No defined economic theory or program  Extreme form of nationalism  Believed nations MUST struggle  Peacefulness was a sign of weakness  Peaceful states are doomed to be conquered  Uniforms, salutes, mass rallies

Fascism  Some similarity to communism  Both allowed only one political party to exist  Both denied individual rights  Neither had any democracy at all  Difference: fascists did not want a classless society  All people are NOT equal to them

Benito Mussolini  Newspaper editor and politician  Promised to rescue Italy  Revive the economy  Rebuild the military  Founded the Fascist Party in 1919  As the economy worsened Mussolini became more popular  Won support of the middle class, aristocracy and industrialists  Fear of workers revolt  In 1922, 30,000 Fascists marched to Rome and demanded that Mussolini be put in charge of the government

Il Duce  Mussolini became Il Duce  Abolished democracy  Outlawed all political parties, except fascism  Used secret police to jail his opponents  forced censorship throughout country  Radio stations could only broadcast fascists news

Spain Collapses into Civil War  King Leaves  Republic Set up  Liberal constitution  Conservative general  Francisco Franco  Led revolt  Known as Nationalists  Vs. Loyalists

Outside nations support  Hitler and Mussolini sent arms to Franco  USSR sent troops to fight fascism  More than 500,000 killed  Guernica  German air raid  Testing weapons  Exposed the rest of the world to the horros

Guernica – April 23, 1937

Guernica

Franco takes power  Franco win civil war in 1939  Creates a fascist dictatorship  Very similar tactics such as Hitler and Mussolini  Does not enter WWII  Runs mediocre state—like USSR, looks better than it really is.  International outsider  terrible human rights record, tons of executions and suppressions

Fascism  Fascist groups made up of many types of people  Aristocrats, industrialists, war veterans, working class  One other difference – fascists were nationalists while communists were INTERnationalists aimed at uniting workers worldwide

The Basics  Fascism: a new, militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader  Fascists promised to:  Revive the economy  Restore order and national pride  Punish those necessary  Different than Communism  No clearly defined theory or program

The Basics  Preach extreme Nationalism  Nations must struggle  Peaceful nations will only be conquered  Loyalty is with an authoritarian leader who will bring order to the state  Fascists ruler characteristics  could be seen wearing specific uniforms  holding rallies  using salutes

Principles  Authoritarianism  State more important than the individual  Charismatic leader  Action oriented

Political  Nationalist  Easily turn into racist  One-party rule  Supreme leader

Cultural, Economic, Social  Censorship  Denial of individual rights  Indoctrination  Secret police  Economic functions controlled by state corporations or state  Supported by middle class, industrialists and military

Italy falls to Fascism  Unhappy with the outcome of WWI  Unable to gain territory  Rising inflation and unemployment  Felt their democratic government was failing them  A leader should take action