A Wasteful world Learning Objective: The differences between low income countries (LIC’s) and high income countries (HIC’s) in terms of waste production. Gwaith Dosbarth 23 ain o Ionawr 2012

What is waste?  Waste is any substance or object that the holder discards intends to discard or is required to discard

Types of waste:  Domestic Waste  Industrial waste

Types of domestic waste:  Electronic goods  White goods  Packaging

Facts about waste  In the UK we throw away 15 million mobile phones per year = 1,700 per hour.  UN estimate total of 50 million tonnes of electronic waste being produced each year.  In 1990 life expectancy of a PC was 12 years. In 2012 it is 3 years.  The UK produce 10.5 million tonnes of packaging in % was for food and drink

Who, how and where is waste produced?  Everyone produces waste everywhere on earth but some people and industries produce more than others. These people live in a High Income Country HIC’s.

Waste production in HIC’s Wealth Waste production Raw materials goods Purchasing power Consumer society packaging e.g. car, deodorant e.g. slag e.g. Plastic bags

Waste production in LIC’s PovertyEssential Items Food, shoes, Clothing Purchased at Market No Packaging Minimal waste packaging (wooden crates) Natural waste from food Waste food for or used as animal feed Little amount for disposal / recycling e.g. tyres as sandals Low purchasing power

WASTE RECYCLING STRATEGY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM Case Study: Camden, London

Case Study Camden (2006)  Problem Population of 228,000 in 92,000 households were producing 85,000 tonnes of household waste each year of which 33% Garden Kitchen waste 28% paper and card waste 12% Miscellaneous waste 11% plastics waste 7% Textiles waste 6% Glass waste 3% Metal waste

Case Study Camden (2006)  Solution: Setting recycling targets by This included: Increase household recycling to 60% Increase amount recycled by schools by 10% Providing all parks and open spaces with recycling banks Providing fortnightly garden waste collection Introducing a kitchen waste scheme Increase recycling at the Regis Road recycling centre form 58% to 70% (+12%)

Case Study Camden (2006)  By 2007 recycling rate was 27% (+10% from 2004)  London Brought of Camden were selling recyclable goods for £70 per tonne.  In 2008 market for recyclable fell to £10 per tonne as more local authorities were recycling

Case Study: Green Dot Scheme in Germany Location: Problem: Not enough space to disposing waste in landfill sites. Exporting 1.8 million tonnes to Spain and China 18 million tonnes of waste burned in incinerators but public concern regarding health effects of pollution generated from the incinerators Germany’s recycling centres can only deal with 1/3 of material collected. Germany paying Denmark to recycle waste. Germany

Case Study: Green Dot Scheme in Germany Solutions: Green Dot Scheme Manufactures pay a licence to put on their products. This shows their are contributing to the cost of recovery. More packaging on a product = more £££! Cost: $2.5 billion to the taxpayer ($30 per person) same as previously for regular waste collection Targets: Encourage manufactures to cut down on product packaging

Case Study: Green Dot Scheme in Germany Evaluation: Positive effects: Negative effects:

Recycling – Good or Bad?  Why is recycling a big business?

Sources and uses of energy  Renewable fuels: Bioethanol  biodiesel are made from processing plant material or waste vegetable oil Wood  Wood chipping and straw Pellets or liquid made from wood Biogas  Methane from animal excrement Syngas  Mixture of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen

Production of Bio-diesel

Renewable Fuels It looks like wood, feels like wood, is even made of wood – but it shifts shape and solidifies like plastic.

Syngas

Key facts: Renewable fuels  In 2003 European Union wanted bio-fuel to be used in 5.75% used in transport by 2010  Using bio-fuels reduces greenhouse gases  Countries with rainforest tempted to replace rainforest with palm oil plantations (Indonesia).  Coast of food increases as corn and soy used as renewable fuel.  Cost of palm oil increased by 15% in

Non-renewable fuels  Coal  Oil  Natural Gas  All of the above are formed from fossil fuels Fossil fuels were formed millions of yeas ago from remains of living organisms  Earth’s population cannot rely on fossil fuels as reserves becoming depleted (limited amount left)

Non-renewable fuels

Distribution of energy

Energy surplus:  Energy surplus is a situation when the production of energy exceeds the use of energy  Energy deficit is a situation when the use of energy exceeds the production of energy

Management of energy usage and waste  Exam question: Using examples explain how the level of development of a country affects it carbon footprint. (6 marks).