Dr. Anil Kumar Singh Sr. Scientist (Agronomy) ICAR RCER Patna 1 Pulses production Efficient management practices for achieving higher productivity

Bihar Agroclimatic Condition (Zone IV. Middle Gangatic Plain Region)

Flood affected Bihar Flood Affected Free from Flood

Drought Affected Free from Drought

Probability of occurrence of drought Meteorological subdivision Frequency of deficient rainfall (75% of normal or less) AssamVery rare, once in 15 years West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Konkan, Bihar and Orissa Once in 5 years South Interior Karnataka, Eastern Uttar Pradesh & Vidarbha Once in 4 years Gujarat, East Rajasthan, Western Uttar Pradesh Once in 3 years Tamil Nadu, Jammu & Kashmir and Telangana Once in 2.5 years West RajasthanOnce in 2.5 years

Bihar at a glance ParticularsValue Population (Million)103.8 Population density (No/ Sq Km)1102 Geographical area (Mha)9.42 Cultivable lands (Mha)6.64 Marginal farmers (< 1.0 ha) (%)84.2 Small farmers (1.-2 ha) (%)9.2 work force in agriculture and allied¾ Contribution in State GDP 1/3

ParticularsValue The annual rainfall (mm)1176 Gross irrigated area (Mha)4.78 Net irrigated area (Mha)3.46 Area under irrigation (%)61 Available ground water (BCM)29.2 Ground water development (%)40 Cropping Intensity (%)140

< 40 % Araria, E. Champaran, Darbhanga, Kishanganj, Madhubani, Muzaffarpur, Saharsa, Sitamarhi, Vaishali Gross irrigated area

Wetland area in Bihar Type of landArea (Lakh ha ) Tal3.0 Dirara11.76 Chaurs2.00 Mauns0.75

90 % pulses 85 % oilseed Contributed by rainfed agriculture

Energy value ItemsEnergy value (K Cal/kg) Carbohydrates3.4 Protein5.1 Fat9.1

Demand and Supply ItemsPer head/day AvailabilityRequirements Protein34g85g Fat12g32g

Productivity Level Crop group(t/ha) National Average State AveragePotential Pulses

Productivity Level Crop group(t/ha) IrrigatedRainfed Pulses

KharifRabiSummer Pigeon peaChickpeaMung bean PeaUrd bean LentilCowpea Khesari (Lathyrus) Moth beanCowpea Horse gramKidney bean

Constraints in production Climate and weather Unfavourable weather conditions (Flood, drought, heat and cold wave) Problematic Soil Abnormal soil conditions (Acid, saline and alkaline etc)

Varietal constraints Lack of high yielding varieties Low harvest Index High susceptibility to disease and insect pests Flower and fruit drop

Varietal constraints Lack of short duration cultivar Poor response to inputs Indeterminate growth habits Instability in performance

Quality seed constraints Poor quality seed Inadequate availability of seeds High price Untimely supply

Agronomic constraints Improper sowing time Low seed rate Defective method of sowing Inadequate interculture Insufficient Irrigation Sowing under Utera condition

Seldom use of N fertilizers

Neglected use of Bio fertilizers

Plant protection constraints

Inadequate extension services

Training constraints Socioeconomic constraints Inadequate extension facilities

Miscellaneous constraints Lack of machinery Losses during storage Losses during processing

Way to realize production potential Role of high yielding varieties Disease resistance Pests resistances Abiotic resistances

Way to realize production potential Role of high yielding varieties Disease resistance Pests resistances Abiotic resistances

Way to realize production potential Catch cropping Double cropping Intercropping Response to inputs

Sequential cropping Summer oilseed and pulses Rabi pigeon pea Summer mung bean + pigeon pea Late sown chickpea in irrigated area Pulses in rice fallow

Intercropping System Cereal+ pulse (Barley /Wheat + Lentil/ Gram Oilseed+ pulse (Mustard /linseed + lentil/Gram Pulse +pulse (Gram +Lentil Field pea) Sugar cane +Pulse (moong/ urd)

Non monetary Management Choice of variety Seed inoculation Seed treatments Sowing time

Non monetary Management Plant population Plant protection Cultural operation

Biotic Stress of pulses

Important disease pests Wilt Stem rot Cankers Leaf spot Sterility Mosaic YMV

Important disease pests Web blight Cercospora leaf spot Root rot Anthrocanose Bacterial leaf spot

Important disease pests Mosaic Mottle Ascochyta blight Grey mould Rust Stunt Tip necrossis Powdery mildew

Important Insect pests Pod borer Pod fly Pod bug Leaf binder and Webbers

Important Insect pests Jassid White flies Bihar Hairy caterpillar Beetles Cutworms

Important Insect pests Stem fly Leaf min or Leaf eating caterpillars Aphids

Important Insect pests Painted bug Mustard Sawfly Linseed midge

Agronomic Management Optimum plant stand

Agronomic Management Water management

Agronomic Management Weed management

Agronomic Management Nutrient management

Nutrient Management Major/ primary Nutrient N P K

Nutrient Management Secondary Nutrient Ca Mg S

Nutrient Management Micro Nutrients Zn Bo Mo Cu

Use of Hormones IAA IBA Cytokines

Input management Source Dose Time methods

Critical Stages Weeds and crops Water management Nutrient management Pesticide application

Genetic modification

Growth habit In determinant V/S Determinant

Temperature tolerance Thermo sensitive V/S Thermo insensitive

Photo sensitivity Photo sensitive V/S Photo insensitive

Photosynthetic activity C3 V/S C4 cycle

Important improved pulse varieties Name of CropsImproved varieties Pigeon peaSarad, P-9, UPAS-120, Bahar Mung beanPusa Vishal, Samart, Sona, SML668 Urd bean T-9, Pant Urd-30, Pant Urd-19, Birsa Urd CowpeaPusa Barsati, Pusa Dofasali, Pusa Rituraj Moth beanJawala, Type-1 Baleshwer-12,G-1 Horse gramMadhu,CO-1,HPK-2, PDM-1 ChickpeaPusa-256,RAU-52,SG-2, Rajendra Chana PeaMalviya, Rachana, Harbhajan Aparna LentilPL-406,MallikaA,arun,PL-639 Khesari(Lathyrus)B-1, Pusa -24, JRL-16, 24, JRL-15, JRL-43 Kidney beanPDR-14, Malviya Rajma-15

Search for new gene Biotic stress tolerance Abiotic stress tolerance Breaking yield plateau Improving quality

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