At every level of organization structure is arranged based on function.

1. BIOSPHERE Zone of life, the layer of Earth’s surface where life is found

2. Biome Region with similar climate and plant type  Example: desert

3. ECOSYSTEM All the organisms which share the same habitat: The community plus the abiotic factors that they use.  Biotic factors - Abiotic factors

4. Community The combination of all the populations in an ecosystem

5. Population All the individuals of one species in a community

6. Organism An individual living thing

7. System A set of interacting organs working together to accomplish a common task

8. Organ A structure made up of tissues that performs a task within a body system

9. Tissue A group of cells that together carry out a specific function

10. Cell The unit of structure and function for all living things

11. Molecule 2 or more atoms bonded together.  Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, DNA, ATP

12. Atom Building blocks of molecules  C, H, O, N, P, S

Structural proteins Make up the structure of our cells. (make up us, we are made of cells)

Enzymes Proteins that catalyze the reactions going on in our cells (bodies)

NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA) The instructions for building our bodies. In the nucleus of each cell. Tells the cells which proteins to make.

Sugars and Starch  Energy source for our cells (our bodies)

 Long term storage of energy.

Cell membranes

The molecule that holds the energy from our food until our cells (bodies) need it.

 Make up cell membranes?  Enzymes?  The main source of energy in our diets?  Holds the energy from our food until we need it?  Makes up the structure of our cells?  Long term storage of energy?  Fiber?  Controls the chemical reactions in our bodies?

 The smallest particle of matter that still has the properties of that element.  The building blocks of molecules.

Two or more atoms COVALENTLY bonded together. (Sharing pair electrons)

Pure substance. Contains only one type of element. Oxygen = O2, Nitrogen = N2 Hydrogen = H2

Two or more elements bonded together H2O CO2

Oxygen O = 8

H - Hydrogen N - Nitrogen

 Ion = atom gains or loses an electron, giving it a + or – charge.

 Opposites attract  Oppositely charged ions stick together

 Salt = sodium chloride

 Make molecules  2 atoms share a pair of electrons to fill their outer shells.

 Electrons are shared Unequally, causing a positive and negative end (pole) like a magnet.

 Polar molecules stick to each other like weak magnets.

 Why is water a liquid at room temp?  Why does it stick to things?  Why is it a solvent?

 Makes molecules ?  How ?  Makes crystals ?  How ?  Holds water together ?  Why ?

 Glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6 CHEMICAL REACTIONS CO 2 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

pH Scale Measures acids and bases

 2 jobs (there are more)  Make up structure of cells (our bodies)  Enzymes control the chemical reactions in our bodies

 Polypeptide = long chain of amino acids  DNA tells the cell the order of the amino acids

 Catalysts – control chemical reactions in our bodies  Specific – they can only do one specific reaction  They can be used over and over  Changes in temperature or pH will make them lose their shape and not work.

 Monosaccharide (glucose) = single sugar  Disaccharide (sucrose) = double sugar

 Chain of many sugars

 Starch = made by plants to store excess glucose, we do have the enzymes to digest it  Cellulose (fiber) = makes up cell walls in plant cells. We do NOT have enzymes to digest it.  Glycogen (animal starch) = made by animals (us) to store excess glucose until we need it

 Long term storage of energy  Make up cell membranes  Nonpolar = will not mix with or stick to water

 Building blocks of lipids

 Triglycerides

 Phospholipid bilayer = 2 layers of....

 The molecule that holds the energy from our food (glucose) until we need it.

 We eat carbohydrates (starch) and digest them down to simple sugars (glucose). Our blood then brings the glucose (sugar) to our cells for energy. Our cells break down the glucose to release its energy. That energy is then stored in ATP until our bodies (cells) need it.