 Fats  Carbohydrates  Protein +  Nucleic acids

 Triglycerides  Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature: olive oil, canola oil  Saturated fats are solids at room temperature: lard, butter, animal fat  Sterols  Cholesterol  Hormones: testosterone, estrogen,  Phospholipids  phosphoglycerides

 Storage form of energy for humans  Insulation for heat retention  Protection for delicate organs  Key part of cell membranes  Hormones that control certain body functions

 Glycerol plus  3 fatty acid chains

 Types of triglycerides  Unsaturated – double bonds in fa chain  Saturated – only single bonds in fa chain

 Basic building block of cell membranes

Cholesterol

 C x (H 2 O) z  Single bonds (C-H, C-C, C-O)  Types of carbohydrate molecules  Simple sugars  Polysaccharides  Starchs

 Main energy source for humans  Formed by photosynthesis in plants  Types of Carbohydrates  Monosaccharide (1 sugar)  Disaccharide (2 sugars linked in a chain)  Polysaccharide (>2 sugars linked in a chain)

 Two most common  Glucose  Primary storage form of energy in human body  Fructose  Main sugar found in most plants  Others types consumed  Galactose (from mammalian milk) Glucose

Sucrose

 Polymers of the simple sugars  Long chains of simple sugars bonded together - polysaccharides

 Starch is a polymer of the monosaccharide glucose  It’s a long straight chain of glucose molecules joined together  It is plants way to store glucose

 Glycogen is a polymer of the monosaccharide glucose  It’s a branched chain of glucose molecules joined together  It is the human body’s way to store glucose in liver and muscle

 Made by plants  Cross linking adds rigidity  Hydrogen bonding occurs between cellulose polymers  Forms cell wall – used for support in plants  Animals can’t digest 1500 linked glucose molecules Cellulose

Proteins made from chains of amino acids

20 Key Amino Acids in Humans

Proteins joining 2 amino acids – forms dipeptide

Proteins sequence of amino acids in proteins is genetically determined

Protein Folding Simplified Protein Folding Hydrophilic / hydrophobic effects Rules of Protein Folding

Four Levels of Protein Structure Primary Structure – the order of the amino acids Secondary Structure – hydrogen bonding effect – helices and sheets Tertiary Structure – weaker electrostatic force effect – “globs” Quaternary Structure – association of subunits

The Making of a Protein The amino acid sequence is encoded in DNA Protein shape is determined by the amino acid sequence

T M E S Protein Roles - TAMES A

Transport Protein - Hemoglobin

Enzyme in egg white and human tears 116 amino acids long breaks down small sugars attacks bacterial cell walls

Lipoproteins – blood, membranes and transportation of materials Glycoproteins – antibodies, cell surface proteins Nucleoproteins - ribosomes Protein Hybrids

DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid built from deoxyribonucleotides adenine thymine guanine cytosine RNA – ribonucleic acid built from ribonucleotides adenine uracil guanine cytosine Nucleic Acids

DNA contains sequences that code for proteins is passed on from generation to generation RNA mirrors DNA and carries instructions from cell nucleus to cytoplasm where proteins are made in viruses it can carry out DNA role Nucleic Acids - Roles

Nucleic Acid Molecules