Indian Nationalism & Decolonization Gandhi and the Indian National Congress… Non-Violent, Non- Cooperation.

1858 British take political control of India

Causes of Indian nationalism: 1. Discontent with British rule 2. India unified under INC 3. Leadership, Gandhi, Jinnah, Nehru 4. Common language (English) 5. New print culture…newspapers and magazine, The Age of Mass Media 6. Nationalism pushes for Decolonization

Political Nationalism desire for  political freedoms:  Suffrage, Male at first, women later   Indians in a representative government  Independence from Great Britain

Cultural Nationalism Development of “Indian” cultural identity Long cultural histories  Hinduism/Islam/Buddhism/Shikh  math/sciences  Art  Ancient society and culture

Indian National Congress st – Indian elite only 1920s – mass movement (Gandhi) moderate constitutional methods Alan Octavian Hume, founder of Indian National Indian National Union, which became INC

Swadeshi Movement early 1900s Swadeshi = “one’s own country,” self- sufficiency  boycott British goods  Indians produce own goods  nationalist education nationalism = mass movement

Muslim League 1906 seek Muslim political rights Muhammad Ali Jinnah – leader of Muslim League, founder of Pakistan, and first Governor-General of Pakistan

Gandhi ( ) leader of INC, 1920s- 1930s nonviolence (satyagraha)

Chronology - early life & training for his future role: 1869 – born in Gujarat, Indian Village – study law in Britain , – fight racism in SA 1916, returns to India helps become Independence Movement

Chronology – protest against British rule builds & Gandhi becomes Indian leader: 1915 – Est. his Ashram in India 1919 – Amritsar Massacre – imprisonment for sedition 1924 – fast: Hindu-Muslim unity 1930 – Salt March January 1948 – fast: Hindu-Muslim unity 1947 – Indian Independence Act… – assassinated

Gandhi and followers on the Salt March

On the beach at Dandi, the end of the Salt March

Issues in the Indian nationalist movement Method – Nonviolence vs. Violence Religion – Hinduism vs. Islam Women’s Rights vs. Traditionalism Westernization v. Modernization

Independence August 14, 1947 – Pakistan (Muslim majority) including East Pakistan (Bangladesh today) August 15, 1947 – India (Hindu majority)

India before (left) and after (right) 1947 The Partition of India

Post-Independence Violence Hindu (India) vs. Muslim (Pakistan) Four major wars, 1947, 1948, 1965, 1971 and dozens of border skirmishes 12 million people relocated, Hindus moved to Indian territory, Muslim moved to Pakistani territory. Wars have been fought mostly over disputed territory along the northern border (Kashmir and Jammu) Today both nations are nuclear arms nations.

Jawaharlal Nehru ( ) 1st PM of India ( ) goal: modernize India, via socialist economics & democratic politics