Georgia State Standard  SB2f – Examine the use of DNA technology in forensics, medicine, & agriculture. Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Precursors to Genetic Engineering Genetics and Biotechnology  Throughout history, humans have found ways to manipulate the traits of organisms, all of which lead to what we call genetic engineering today. 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

 The process by which desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations is called selective breeding. Precursors: Selective Breeding Genetics and Biotechnology German shepherd Service dog Husky Sled dog Saint Bernard Rescue dog 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Precursors: Hybridization Genetics and Biotechnology  Hybrid organisms can be bred to be more disease-resistant, to produce more offspring, or to grow faster.  A disadvantage of hybridization is that it is time consuming and expensive. 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Precursors: Inbreeding Genetics and Biotechnology  The process in which two closely related organisms are bred to have the desired traits and to eliminate the undesired ones in future generations  Pure breeds are maintained by inbreeding.  A disadvantage of inbreeding is that harmful recessive traits also can be passed on to future generations.  Ex: Dog breeds are kept pure by inbreeding 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

 A test cross involves breeding an organism that has the unknown genotype with one that is homozygous recessive for the desired trait. Genetics and Biotechnology Precursors: Test Cross 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Genetic Engineering  Technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert the DNA of another organism, called exogenous DNA. Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Genetically engineered organisms are used Genetics and Biotechnology  to study the expression of a particular gene.  to investigate cellular processes.  to study the development of a certain disease.  to select traits that might be beneficial to humans. 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Genetically engineered bollworm Chapter 13

DNA Tools Genetics and Biotechnology  An organism’s genome is the total DNA in the nucleus of each cell.  DNA tools can be used to manipulate DNA and to isolate genes from the rest of the genome. 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Genetics and Biotechnology  Scientists use restriction enzymes as powerful tools for isolating specific genes or regions of the genome. 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13 DNA Tools: Restriction Enzymes  recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within the sequence.

Genetics and Biotechnology DNA Tools: Gel Electrophoresis  An electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments in a process called gel electrophoresis.  When an electric current is applied, the DNA fragments move toward the positive end of the gel.  The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones. 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Genetics and Biotechnology Gel Electrophoresis Cont’d  The unique pattern created based on the size of the DNA fragment can be compared to known DNA fragments for identification of people. This is called DNA Fingerprinting.  It is the noncoding portions of our DNA that make our DNA fingerprint unique 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Gel electrophoresis Chapter 13

Coded DNA contains specific instructions.

Aaaljdfljfjidsdzfsmsdfiskfjzozsofifaasidfnadsfion asdfoiasdfncoifainafbidaruzzxicngigaosdinandsf dsaasjdkhzoiuhvbduaiusdvbasdivubadsvAaaljdf ljfjidsdzfsmsdfiskfjzozsofifaasidfnadsfionasdfoia sdfncoifainafbidaruzzxicngigaosdinandsfdsaasj dkhzoiuhvbduaiusdvbasdivubadsv Non-coded DNA is nonsense.

DNA Fingerprinting Example

Genetics and Biotechnology DNA Tools: Recombinant DNA  A newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from different sources is called recombinant DNA. 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Genetics and Biotechnology Recombinant DNA Cont’d  Recombinant DNA is used in bacteria to mass produce human insulin for diabetics and to clean up oil spills.  Recombinant DNA is used in sheep to mass produce a human protein to treat cystic fibrosis. 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Used to copy a DNA sample for any scientific investigation including forensic analysis and medical testing PCR takes approximately two hours. This automated process bypasses the need to use bacteria for amplifying DNA. DNA Tools:

DNA Tools: Cloning / / Cloning - Using the DNA of one organism to create and identical copy Steps: –Isolate donor cells (from who you will be cloning) –Remove nucleus from donor egg –Transfer nucleus from donor cells into donor egg – Stimulate cell division –Implant embryo into surrogate mother –New organism will be born

Genetics and Biotechnology Transgenic Organisms  Organisms that have been genetically engineered by receiving one or more genes from another organism. 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Genetics and Biotechnology Transgenic Animals  Scientists produce most transgenic animals in laboratories for biological research, often to study the function of different traits.  Commonly used animals - Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Genetics and Biotechnology Transgenic Plants  Biologists use DNA technology to produce plants with many desirable traits.  Genetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls.  Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a virus that could kill most of the African harvest.  Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins could decrease malnutrition. 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CDQ 1 A. It is relatively inexpensive to perform. B. It produces offspring with specific traits. C. It crosses a parent organism with different forms of a trait. D. It can take a long time to be successful. Which statement is not true of hybridization? Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter 13 Chapter Diagnostic Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CDQ 2 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter 13 Chapter Diagnostic Questions A. genetic engineering B. gel electrophoresis C. cleaving D. selective breeding Name the process that scientists use to separate DNA fragments according to size.

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CDQ 3 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter 13 Chapter Diagnostic Questions A. cloning B. sequencing C. transformation D. manipulation Select the process in which one type of bacterium takes up the DNA from another type of bacterium.

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 1 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter 13 A. homogenization B. inbreeding C. selective breeding D. test crossing Which term explains how humans have been able to produce a wide variety of domestic cats? 13.1 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 2 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Formative Questions A new breed of cattle has been developed by crossing English Shorthorn cattle, which provide good beef but cannot withstand hot environments, and Brahman cattle from India that have a high heat tolerance but produce poor beef. The new breed, Santa Gertrudis, produces excellent beef and can live in hot environments. Which term describes Santa Gertrudis cattle? A. cross breed B. hybrid C. outbred D. purebred

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 3 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Formative Questions A. hybridization B. inbreeding C. line breeding D. out crossing Harmful recessive traits can be passed through generations of purebred animals as a result of _______.

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 4 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Formative Questions Once a tomato grower observes the desired trait in her tomato plants, she decides to perform a test cross. What is the purpose for doing the test cross? A. to determine if the trait is dominant or recessive B. to determine the phenotype of the plants C. to determine if the plants carry beneficial recessive alleles D. to determine if the plants are homozygous dominant or heterozygous

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 5 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter 13 A. bioengineering B. cloning C. genetic engineering D. transgenics What is the name for the technology that involves inserting the genes of one organism into the DNA of another organism? 13.2 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 6 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Formative Questions A. DNA ligase B. polymerase C. restriction enzyme D. transcriptase Which type of protein can recognize specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within that sequence?

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 7 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Formative Questions A. DNA fragmentation B. gel electrophoresis C. transgenic cloning D. polymerase chain reaction Which process separates DNA fragments according to size and has many applications in genetic engineering and biotechnology?

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 8 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Formative Questions A. complementary DNA B. exogenous DNA C. genomic DNA D. recombinant DNA A DNA molecule that has had genes from another organism inserted into it is called _______.

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 9 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Formative Questions Why is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) one of the most powerful tools used by scientists? A. It can be used to identify errors in DNA sequences and predict the function of genes. B. It can detect a single DNA molecule in a sample and make millions of copies of it. C. It creates large amounts of recombinant DNA in genetically engineered organisms. D. It creates DNA fragments with sticky ends that can join with other DNA fragments.

1.A 2.B FQ 10 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter 13 The task of sequencing the entire DNA in human cells has been completed. A. True B. Fasle 13.3 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 11 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Formative Questions A. the noncoding sequences B. the regions that code for proteins C. the sections that contain genes D. the genes that code for fingerprints Which sections of human DNA are unique to every individual?

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 12 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Formative Questions A. algorithms B. bioanalysis C. bioinformatics D. microarray analysis Which field of study involves the careful storage, organization and indexing of data on DNA sequences?

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Formative Questions A. haplotype B. chromosome C. DNA D. proteome If the genome represents the words in a dictionary, then the definition and usage of those words is represented by the _______.

Look at the following image. These are the results of what process? Answer: a test cross Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter 13 Chapter Assessment Questions CAQ 1

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CAQ 2 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter 13 What is the role of the molecule shown in DNA cloning? A. to carry the foreign DNA into the host cell B. to identify the source of DNA as foreign C. to identify the host cell that has taken up the gene of interest D. to make the foreign DNA susceptible to digestion with enzymes Chapter Assessment Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CAQ 3 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter 13 Chapter Assessment Questions A. 1:2:1 B. 1:1 C. All are homozygous recessive. D. All are heterozygous. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring in the cross to the right?

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 1 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter 13 A person wishes to raise guinea pigs with black fur, the dominant trait. She selects a male black guinea pig and performs a test cross with a female that has white fur, the recessive trait. What is the black guinea pig’s genotype if any of the offspring are white? A. BB B. Bb C. bb D. bW Standardized Test Practice

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 2 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice How do researchers distinguish between the bacterial cells that contain the recombinant DNA and those that do not? A. They observe the two types of cells under a microscope. B. They tag the recombinant DNA with fluorescent dye. C. They use an antibiotic to kill the cells that do not contain recombinant DNA. D. They use gel electrophoresis to separate the cells containing recombinant DNA.

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 3 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice Which is not yet a use for transgenic organisms? A. animals that can produce organs for organ transplants B. animals that can secrete enzymes that are useful to humans C. bacteria that can decompose oil spills and garbage D. plants that are resistant to insects and viruses

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 4 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice Which transgenic species could pose a potential threat to other organisms? A. bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics B. chickens and turkeys that are resistant to diseases C. cotton that is resistant to herbicides and infection D. goats that secrete a protein used to prevent human blood from forming clots

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 5 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter 13 Standardized Test Practice Why has the Food and Drug Administration halted clinical trials using gene therapy? A. The clinical trials affect the body’s response to drugs. B. There is a risk of producing a transgenic human. C. Inserting genes is done by a virus that infects the patient’s cells. D. Doctors are able to take advantage of genetic variations on chromosomes.