라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 CH.2 Ethernet. 라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 이더넷에 대한 계층구조.

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Presentation transcript:

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 CH.2 Ethernet

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 이더넷에 대한 계층구조

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 Link Layer: Introduction Some terminology: hosts and routers are nodes communication channels that connect adjacent nodes along communication path are links –wired links –wireless links –LANs layer-2 packet is a frame, encapsulates datagram “link” data-link layer has responsibility of transferring datagram from one node to adjacent node over a link

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 Link Layer Services Framing, link access: –encapsulate datagram into frame, adding header, trailer –channel access if shared medium –“ MAC ” addresses used in frame headers to identify source, dest different from IP address! Reliable delivery between adjacent nodes –we learned how to do this already (chapter 3)! –seldom used on low bit error link (fiber, some twisted pair) –wireless links: high error rates Q: why both link-level and end-end reliability?

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 Link Layer Services (more) Flow Control: –pacing between adjacent sending and receiving nodes Error Detection: –errors caused by signal attenuation, noise. –receiver detects presence of errors: signals sender for retransmission or drops frame Error Correction: –receiver identifies and corrects bit error(s) without resorting to retransmission Half-duplex and full-duplex –with half duplex, nodes at both ends of link can transmit, but not at same time

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 Adaptors Communicating link layer implemented in “ adaptor ” (aka NIC) –Ethernet card, PCMCI card, card sending side: –encapsulates datagram in a frame –adds error checking bits, rdt, flow control, etc. receiving side –looks for errors, rdt, flow control, etc –extracts datagram, passes to rcving node adapter is semi-autonomous link & physical layers sending node frame rcving node datagram frame adapter link layer protocol

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 Checksumming: Cyclic Redundancy Check view data bits, D, as a binary number choose r+1 bit pattern (generator), G goal: choose r CRC bits, R, such that – exactly divisible by G (modulo 2) –receiver knows G, divides by G. If non-zero remainder: error detected! –can detect all burst errors less than r+1 bits widely used in practice (ATM, HDCL)

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 CRC Example Want: D. 2 r XOR R = nG equivalently: D. 2 r = nG XOR R equivalently: if we divide D. 2 r by G, want remainder R R = remainder[ ] D.2rGD.2rG

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 Multiple Access Links and Protocols Two types of “ links ” : point-to-point –PPP for dial-up access –point-to-point link between Ethernet switch and host broadcast (shared wire or medium) –traditional Ethernet –upstream HFC – wireless LAN

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 Multiple Access protocols single shared broadcast channel two or more simultaneous transmissions by nodes: interference –collision if node receives two or more signals at the same time multiple access protocol distributed algorithm that determines how nodes share channel, i.e., determine when node can transmit communication about channel sharing must use channel itself! –no out-of-band channel for coordination

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 Ideal Mulitple Access Protocol Broadcast channel of rate R bps 1. When one node wants to transmit, it can send at rate R. 2. When M nodes want to transmit, each can send at average rate R/M 3. Fully decentralized: –no special node to coordinate transmissions –no synchronization of clocks, slots 4. Simple

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 MAC Protocols: a taxonomy Three broad classes: Channel Partitioning –divide channel into smaller “ pieces ” (time slots, frequency, code) –allocate piece to node for exclusive use Random Access –channel not divided, allow collisions –“ recover ” from collisions “ Taking turns ” –Nodes take turns, but nodes with more to send can take longer turns

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) CSMA: listen before transmit: If channel sensed idle: transmit entire frame If channel sensed busy, defer transmission Human analogy: don ’ t interrupt others!

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 CSMA collisions collisions can still occur: propagation delay means two nodes may not hear each other’s transmission collision: entire packet transmission time wasted spatial layout of nodes note: role of distance & propagation delay in determining collision probability

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 CSMA/CD (Collision Detection) CSMA/CD: carrier sensing, deferral as in CSMA –collisions detected within short time –colliding transmissions aborted, reducing channel wastage collision detection: –easy in wired LANs: measure signal strengths, compare transmitted, received signals –difficult in wireless LANs: receiver shut off while transmitting human analogy: the polite conversationalist

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 CSMA/CD collision detection

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 Ethernet “ dominant ” wired LAN technology: cheap $20 for 100Mbs! first widely used LAN technology Simpler, cheaper than token LANs and ATM Kept up with speed race: 10 Mbps – 10 Gbps Metcalfe’s Ethernet sketch

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 Star topology Bus topology popular through mid 90s Now star topology prevails Connection choices: hub or switch (more later) hub or switch

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 이더넷에서의 전송방식 (a) 양 방향 송신. (b) 분리된 송수신

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 Stone-age Ethernet In 1972, the first bus based Ethernet Medium Access Control 방식 –Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection(CSMA/CD) –10Base5 10Base-2 10Base-T

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 Manchester encoding Used in 10BaseT Each bit has a transition Allows clocks in sending and receiving nodes to synchronize to each other –no need for a centralized, global clock among nodes! Hey, this is physical-layer stuff!

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 2nd-age Ethernet ( ) 100Base-X –TX, FX,… Full-duplex Ethernet Ethernet Switch

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 3 rd Age Ethernet 1Gbps 10Gbps 100Gbps

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 Applied Ethernet 802.1p : Priority 802.3x : Flow control 802.3af : Power over Ethernet (PoE) 802.3ah : Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) …

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 History of Ethernet

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 Ethernet 의 역할 : Link layer transport

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 네트워크 환경 설정

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 이더넷 프레임 구성

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 이더넷의 구성

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 UTP 와 RJ-45 커넥터

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 UTP 케이블 UTP 케이블링 도구와 케이블 시험기

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 케이블 ( 다이렉트 & 크로스 )

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 Hub 의 역할

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 정상적인 이더넷 전송과정

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 충돌이 발생한 경우

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 1:1 로 연결된 경우

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 DIX2.0 과 IEEE802.3

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 DIX2.0 과 IEEE802.3

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 DIX 2.0 MAC 프레임 형식

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 IEEE MAC 프레임 형식

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 목적지 주소의 구성

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 LLC (logical link control) 프레임 형식

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 LLC 의 역할 논리적인 링크 제어

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 프레임 경우의 SNAP(OUI 와 PID)

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 Parsing-1:DIX2.0

라우터와 라우팅 프로토콜한국항공대학교 윤종호 Parsing-2 :802.3 이더넷

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