9.1 Notes: New Scientific Ideas
Warm-Up Make a list of what you believe are the top 10 inventions of all time. fZ3_VkuE fZ3_VkuE Do you agree with the ten that were chosen in the video? Why or why not?
Overview Most Europeans believed that the world was flat. In the 1600s, these ideas would change as a scientific revolution spread throughout Europe. New technology, combined with innovative approaches to seeking knowledge, led to a breakthrough in Western thought.
Nicholas Copernicus Started his scientific career the same year that Christopher Columbus reached the Americas (1492). Like Columbus, Copernicus began his questioning in a time where few people dared to question age-old beliefs. Through his studies, Copernicus found that ideas that were commonly accepted about the universe were wrong!
Copernicus Continued Copernicus believed that the Earth was round and it revolved around the sun, which was at the center of the universe. To avoid persecution, Copernicus worked in privacy and did not publish his ideas. His friends published his theories right before his death.
New Theories about the Universe Other scientists took Copernicus’s ideas and ventured into further scientific understanding of the universe. Copernicus had based his hypotheses, or theories that attempt to explain a set of facts, on study and observations.
Tycho Brahe Set up an observatory to study heavenly bodies. Discovered information on planetary movements.
Johannes Kepler German astronomer and mathematician. Used Brahe’s data and found that the planets do revolve around the sun. Also found that the planets move in oval paths (ellipses), and not in circles as Copernicus had believed. His beliefs challenged the teachings of many academic and religious leaders.
Galileo Galilei Built his own telescope in 1609 and would observe the night skies. His discovery of moons circling a planet convinced him that the Copernican theory about the Earth revolving around the sun was correct. “You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him find it within himself.” Agree or Disagree?
Galileo Continued He published his findings in 1632 but the Catholic church quickly banned the book. Galileo was sent to Rome to stand trial. Galileo recanted a majority of his statements and stated that he had “gone too far” with his writings so that he would escape death. But, Galileo continued with his work after the trial. Established the universal laws of physics and the law of inertia.
Bringing home the Bacon Francis Bacon English philosopher Claimed that ideas based solely on tradition or unproven facts should be discarded completely. Helped develop the scientific method.
Scientific Method 1. Come up with a question 2. Gather information 3. Make a guess based on your observations 4. Run experiments to test your guess. 5. Analyze results 6. Present a conclusion
Rene Descartes Believed that truth must be reached through reason. The inventor of analytical geometry. Published Discourse on Method, to explain his philosophy on mathematics.
Isaac Newton Studied the works of Copernicus and Galileo at Cambridge University. In 1655, an outbreak of the plague closed the university and forced Newton to return home to his family’s farm. There, he began his groundbreaking studies in mathematics and physics. Develops calculus. His work greatly suggested that precise mathematical formulas could be used to describe an orderly universe.
The Apple of my Eye! While sitting in his garden one day, Newton watched an apple fall to the ground. The apple’s fall led him to the idea of gravity.
Anatomy French lawmakers in the 1500s considered dissecting human bodies illegal. The scientists on these following slides made great advances in anatomy, despite limitations set on dissecting human bodies.
Andreas Vesalius Could not accept Galen’s views on human anatomy because he had based these views on dissected apes and dogs, NOT humans. By dissecting human bodies in secret, Vesalius made groundbreaking discoveries in anatomy. In 1543, he published his work in On the Structure of the Human Body.
William Harvey English physician Concluded that blood circulates throughout the body, pumped by the heart and returning through the veins. His findings astounded the medical world.
Robert Hooke Found the cell. By using the newly invented microscope, Hooke recognized cells in vegetable tissue. He called them “cells” because they reminded him of the cells that monks lived in.
Robert Boyle Boyle studied air and determined it was not one single element. He proved that air could not be a basic element because it was a mixture of several different gases. What gasses make up air?
Joseph Priestley An English chemist and clergyman. Conducted further experiments into the properties of air. Discovered the existence of the element of oxygen. Invented carbonated drinks.
Antoine Lavoisier French scientist. He discovers the nature of combustion The result of the chemical union of a flammable material with oxygen. Fire needs oxygen to burn!
Marie Lavoisier Contributed significantly to her husband’s work. Translated English and Latin scientific essays and books for him. Condensed articles so that he could be informed on many scientific subjects. She illustrated her husband’s writing.
Hometown Hero! Benjamin Franklin, an American scientist and inventor, performed an experiment to prove his theory that lightning is electricity. During a thunderstorm, Franklin flew a homemade kite with a wire attached to it. A bolt of lightning struck the wire and traveled down the wet kite string to a key fastened at the end, where it caused an electric spark. Extra: Which bill is Franklin’s face on? A A
Wrap-Up On a piece of paper, match the scientist to their great discovery. This will be a great way to quickly study the important people we learned today and their contributions to the world. Example: Ben Franklin: Discovers Electricity Isaac Newton: Gravity on Earth
Wrap-Up: VLA’s Top 10 Dumbest Inventions Ever Qh1yU Qh1yU 20 Inventions We Shouldn’t Live Without 4W8jPk 4W8jPk Weird Science upHSP9KU upHSP9KU