Aim: How did the Scientific Revolution change Western Europe? Do Now: If you were a scientist, what would you try to accomplish and why?

I Science and the Middle Ages A) During the Muslim Golden Age, scientific experimentation was encouraged! They invented algebra, a vaccination for smallpox, and studied astronomy. B) In Medieval Western Europe, true science was rare. The exception were alchemists (they tried to change ordinary metals into gold), but they had to often hide their experiments from the Church, who discouraged scientific inquiry.

II Influence of the Renaissance The Renaissance (15 th – 16 th centuries) led to the Scientific Revolution. A) Humanism encouraged individual achievement, and knowledge of Classical civilizations (Greek and Roman). Increased trade with the Islamic world brought some of this knowledge back to Western Europe! B) The printing press spread new knowledge C) People began to question the Catholic Church

III The Earth vs. The Sun A)In the middle ages, the Church endorsed the Geocentric Model of the universe. - First believed by Ptolemy, an ancient Athenian astronomer - The earth is the center of the universe

The Earth vs. The Sun Continued… B) 1453 Nicolaus Copernicus, an astronomer and mathematician, proposed the Heliocentric Model of the universe. He argued that the sun, not the earth, is the center of the universe.

The Earth vs. The Sun Continued… B) Tycho Brahe (1546 – 1601) observed the movements of stars and planets every night for years, and recorded the data. His assistant, Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630), used Brahe’s data to prove that Copernicus’s Heliocentric model was correct. Tycho Brahe Johannes Kepler Why do you think that Brahe and Kepler wanted to gather more evidence? Wasn’t Copernicus’s findings enough?

IV Galileo (1564 – 1642) A) In 1609 Galileo Galilei invented a refracting telescope, which allowed him to magnify celestial objects up to 30x their size. B) He was the first to observe 4 moons of Jupiter, and mountains on our moon. This added to the evidence of Brahe and Kepler that Copernicus was right! C) In 1633 Galileo was tried before the Inquisition for heresy. He was forced to recant (take back) his discoveries and to live under house arrest.

Jupiter and its 4 Largest Moons Today scientists estimate that Jupiter has 60+ moons! Io (far left) is the most volcanic place in our galaxy. Europa (center left) has a surface made of water ice. It is possible that a liquid ocean of water is under the ice… is there life there?

Primary Sources: Galileo Galilei 1.“I do not feel obliged to believe that the same god who has endowed us with sense, reason and intellect has intended us to forgo their use.” – Galileo Galilei 2. …The proposition that the Sun is the center of the world and does not move from its place is absurd and false philosophically and formally heretical, because it is expressly contrary to Holy Scripture. – Trial of Galileo, June 1633 The Vatican on Science Today: “What is the mission statement for the Vatican Observatory? From Leo XIII’s letter establishing the Vatican Observatory in 1891, his intent was to show that ‘the Church and her Pastors are not opposed to true and solid science, whether human or divine, but that they embrace it, encourage it, and promote it with the fullest possible dedication.’”

V Isaac Newton A) Newton discovered the force of gravity is what keeps the planets in orbit around the sun. B) Newton is also credited with inventing calculus. Many historians believe that Gottfried Leibnitz actually invented calculus before Newton, and that Newton stole the credit! Newton Liebnitz

A Black Hole, Gravity at its Finest!

VI Other Discoveries ScientistDiscovery Leeuwenhoek Perfected the microscope. Was the first to see microorganisms. Robert BoyleDiscovered atoms. Priestly and Levoisier Discovered oxygen.

Medieval vs. Scientific Revolution: Human Anatomy Above are points for blood-letting (a common western European medical practice in the middle ages). Andreas Vesalius (1514 – 1564) is often called the father of modern anatomy.

VII Scientific Method Over time, a step-by-step process of discovery developed that became known as the scientific method.

Summary Questions 1.How was the Scientific Revolution related to the Renaissance? How do you know? 2.Why did the Church condemn Galileo? How did Galileo defend himself? *Use evidence from the primary sources. 3.List 4 scientists from the Scientific Revolution and their achievements. 4.Is the scientific method always necessary? Justify your answer. 5.Which philosopher (Descartes or Bacon) do you most agree with? Explain. 6.If you were Galileo, would you have stood your ground and faced prison or death, or recant (take back) what you said as he did? Explain.

Key Vocabulary Alchemy Andreas Vesalius Francis Bacon Galileo Galilei Geocentric Model Heliocentric Model Isaac Newton Johannes Kepler Nicolaus Copernicus Refracting Telescope Rene Descartes Scientific Method Scientific Revolution Tycho Brahe