ANALYZING AND DESCRIBING SYMPTOMS

Main Symptom: What seems to be the problem? I don’t feel very well. What brings you here today? I have a stomachache and a headache, and I feel nauseous. What’s the matter with you? I burned my hands with hot water.

Analyzing Symptoms: What’s the matter? Where’s the pain? 고통은 어디 있습니까 ? Can you describe the pain? How long have you had the pain? Is the pain constant or does it come at intervals? Does your chest hurts?

Analyzing Symptom: Site (location)/Radiation (the spread; propagation) Onset : start/beginning (is it gradual or sudden?) Character (quality) Severity (intensity) Timing/Duration (when/how long?) Precipitating or Triggering factors (set off, initiate) Aggravating factors (what makes it worst?) Relieving factors (what makes it better or disappear?) Associated symptoms (other symptoms) Previous Occurrence

Site (location)/Radiation: Main question Where is the pain? Follow-up questions: Is it near the surface of your body or deep inside? Does it start in one place and spread? Is it in one part of your body or in more than one place?

Onset (start/beginning ): When did the pain start? Does it come on slow or quickly? Is it gradual or sudden?

Character/Intensity: Character (quality): Aching, pressing, stabbing, unbearable, tingling, dull, annoying, hot, excruciating, tolerable Intensity (Severity): mild, moderate, severe, slight, intense Questions: Can you describe the pain? Can you describe your symptom? How painful is it? Does the pain make it difficult for you to concentrate?

Timing/Duration: When do you get the pain? How long does the pain last? Does it hurt all the time?

Precipitating/Triggering Factors: Meaning: to cause to happen; set off; to give rise to. Does anything bring the pain on? Do you feel the pain when you lift heavy objects?

Aggravating Factors: What makes it worst? Does anything make the pain worse? Does the pain much worse when you move around?

Relieving Factors: Does anything make the pain better? Does a hot-water bottle or ice pack help? Do you feel better standing, sitting or lying down, for example?

Associated Symptoms: Do you have any other symptoms? Aside from fever, is there anything else that you feel? Previous Occurrence: Have you had a pain like this before?

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY THE STEM (Root Word)

Medical Terms: All medical terms can be broken down into word parts. The three word parts that you will be concerned with are the prefix, the stem (root), and the suffix. Usually, only two of these parts are present in a medical term. The word parts, then, of a medical term may include the prefix, the stem, and the suffix.

Stem: The stem is the part of the word which gives the basic meaning to the term. Example: The part of the word, "basketball," which gives the basic meaning to the word is "ball." Therefore, "ball" is considered to be the stem.

Prefix: The part of the word which comes before the stem and modifies or augments the meaning of the stem is called the prefix. Example: In the word "basketball," "ball" is the stem and "basket" is the prefix. The prefix is the part of the word which comes before the stem.

Suffix: The part of the word which comes after the stem and modifies or augments the meaning of the root word is called the suffix. Example: In the term "specialist," "special” is the stem and "ist" is the suffix.

In summary, words used in medicine are comprised of one or more parts called prefix, stem, and suffix. The part of the word which gives basic meaning to the word is the stem.

EXAMPLE: Prefix+stem = medical term Dextro+cardia= dextrocardia Rightheart= heart is at the right side of the body

Example: STEM + SUFFIX Stem+Suffix= medical term Oto+algia= otalgia Ear pain/ache= earache; pain in the ear Stem + Stem + Suffix = medical term Osteo + Arthro + itis = Osteoarthritis Bone joint inflammation = inflammation of bone and joint.

Prefix + Stem + Suffix = medical term Post + Cholecysto + ectomy = Post-cholecystectomy After; gallbladder surgical removal; excision previous Post-cholecystectomy: previous surgical removal or excision of the gallbladder

THE STEM: The stem of a medical word usually indicates the organ or part which is modified by a prefix or suffix, or both. The main body or basic component of a word is called the stem or root word.

Examples of Stem: Osteo is a stem which means bone. A person who has osteo- arthritis, for example, has inflammation of the bone and joint.

The stem, arthro, means joint. Arthritis means inflammation of the joint.

The stem chondro means cartilage. A person with chondritis, for example, has inflammation of the cartilage.

Myo is a stem which means muscle. A myospasm, for example, is an involuntary contraction of a muscle.

Tendo is a stem which means tendon. A person with tendinitis has inflammation of a tendon.

Derma is a stem which means skin. A person with dermatophytosis, for example, has a fungus condition of the skin.

Rhino and naso are stems which mean nose. A person who has rhinitis has inflammation of the nose. Rhinorrhea – runny nose

Laryngo is a stem meaning larynx or voice box. A laryngoscopy is an examination of the interior of the larynx.

Tracheo is a stem which means upper windpipe or trachea. A person with tracheitis has an inflammation of the upper windpipe or trachea.

Broncho is a stem which means lower windpipe or bronchus. A person with bronchitis has inflammation of the lower windpipe or bronchus.

Pulmo and pneumo are stems which mean lung. Pulmonary, for example, means concerning or involving the lungs. A person with pneumonia has an inflammation of the lungs.

Pneumo is a stem which also means air. Example: pneumothorax - air or gas in the chest or pleural space.

Dento and odonto are stems which mean tooth. A person with dentalgia (odontalgia) has a pain in the tooth or toothache.

Gingivo is a stem which means gums. A person with gingivitis has an inflammation of the gums.

Lingua and glossa are stems which mean tongue. Glossitis means inflammation of the tongue. Lingual means pertaining to the tongue.

Gastro is a stem which means stomach. A gastrectomy is the surgical removal of the stomach.

Colo is a stem which means colon. When a colostomy is performed, an incision is made into the colon.

The stem hepato means liver. A person with hepatitis has an inflammation of the liver.

The stem cholecysto means gallbladder. A person who has had an operation called a cholecystectomy, for example, has had his gallbladder removed (or excised).

Laparo is a stem meaning abdominal wall. A person who has a laparotomy has had an incision made into the abdominal wall.

The stem, cardio, means heart. The cardiovascular system includes the blood vessels and the heart.

Angio and vaso are stems which mean vessel. An angiogram is a series of X-ray film of a blood vessel.

Phlebo and veno are stems which mean vein. A phlebectomy is the surgical removal of a vein.

Arterio is a stem which means artery. A person who has arteriosclerosis has hardening of the artery.

Hema and hemato are stems which mean blood. A hematoma is a swelling filled with blood.

Spleno is a stem which means spleen. A person who has had a splenectomy has had an excision of the spleen.

Neuro is a stem which means nerve. Polyneuritis means inflammation of many nerves.

Cerebro and encephalo are stems which mean brain. Encephalitis, for example, means inflammation of the brain.

Psycho and mento are stems which mean mind. Psychology is the science that studies the mind.

Nephro and rena are stems which mean kidney. A person who has had a nephrectomy has had a kidney removed.

Uretero is a stem which means ureter. A person who has ureteritis has an inflammation of the ureter.

Cysto is a stem which means bladder. A person who has cystitis has an inflammation of the urinary bladder.

Urethro is a stem meaning urethra. Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra.

Oto is a stem which means ear. Otoplasty, for example, means plastic repair of the ear.

Ophthalmo and oculo are stems which mean eye. Ophthalmology is the science dealing with the eye and its diseases.

Opto is a stem which means vision. An optometrist is a person who is trained to examine eyes in order to determine the presence of vision problems.

Blepharo is a stem which means eyelid. Blepharitis means inflammation of the eyelid.

Lipo is a stem which means fat. A lipoma is a tumor composed of fat.

Match Column A with Column B 1. osteo 2. cardio 3. hemo/hemato 4. nephro 5. neuro 6. gastro 7. pulmo A. nerve B. bone C. lung D. stomach E. heart F. blood G. kidney

MULTIPLE CHOICE : SELECT THE ONE MOST APPROPRIATE ANSWER. 1. THE STEM "MYO" IN THE WORD MYOPLASM MEANS: A. CARTILAGE C. BONE B. MUSCLE D. VEIN 2. THE STEM "HEPATO" IN THE WORD HEPATITIS MEANS: A. BLOOD C. KIDNEY B. LIVER D. NAIL 3. THE STEM "ENCEPHALO" IN THE WORD ENCEPHALITIS MEANS: A. BRAIN C. SPINE B. HEAD D. TOOTH

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