GERALD R. FORD Only unelected VP & P Only unelected VP & P First appointed VP under 25 th Amend. Longest living P – 93 / died 2006 Republican; Michigan Republican; Michigan Wife Betty – supporter of equal rights for women & abortion Wife Betty – supporter of equal rights for women & abortion “Whip Inflation Now” “Whip Inflation Now” –Inflation, unemployment, oil crisis Salt I Treaty, 1974 Salt I Treaty, 1974 –froze the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers of U.S. & Soviets at existing levels Political Suicide: pardons Nixon Political Suicide: pardons Nixon Fall of South Vietnam & evacuation of Saigon, April 1975; fall of Laos & Cambodia Fall of South Vietnam & evacuation of Saigon, April 1975; fall of Laos & Cambodia Bicentennial Celebration July ‘76 Bicentennial Celebration July ‘76 Leslie Lynch King, Jr.

Assassination Attempts Lynette “Squeaky” Fromme – Sacramento, CA, Sept. 5, 1975 Follower of incarcerated cult leader Charles Manson Pointing gun at his stomach, but stopped by Secret Service Sarah Jane Moore – 17 days later in San Francisco Former Marine deflected her shot Both sentenced to life imprisonment – both now out on parole

Physical clumsiness …. Click on pic (in slideshow) to view the video; Other stories below on notes page

JIMMY CARTER Peanut farmer; GA Peanut farmer; GA Democrat with a “down- home, plain folks” style Democrat with a “down- home, plain folks” style Running mate is Walter Mondale Running mate is Walter Mondale Capitalizes on being a Washington “outsider” Capitalizes on being a Washington “outsider” Focus on moral issues & human rights; promises “never to lie to the American people” Focus on moral issues & human rights; promises “never to lie to the American people” A micro-manager A micro-manager Billy Beer Billy Beer

Full Amnesty to draft dodgers – very controversial Full Amnesty to draft dodgers – very controversial Advocates nuclear power to solve energy problems Advocates nuclear power to solve energy problems –THREE MILE ISLAND, PA meltdown – –Most significant accident in the history of the American commercial nuclear power generating industry – “Hell no, we won’t glow!” –Protestors: “Hell no, we won’t glow!”

FOREIGN AFFAIRS : SALT II – never ratified by Senate but honored ‘til ’86 when Reagan withdrew based on Soviet violations SALT II – never ratified by Senate but honored ‘til ’86 when Reagan withdrew based on Soviet violations Panama Canal - control back to Panama by 2000 Panama Canal - control back to Panama by 2000 Camp David Accords: Camp David Accords: –“ended” 30 yrs. of conflict –Begin (Israel) & Sadat (Egypt) brought to Camp David –Israel returned land in Sinai peninsula in exchange for recognition by Egypt –Carter’s greatest success! –But, Sadat assassinated after returning to Egypt Sadat & Begin

Carter’s Greatest Failure: Carter’s Greatest Failure: IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS: IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS: –Shah was ousted by Islamic fundamentalists & their formerly exiled leader, Ayatollah Khomeini, who had been brought back - Iran a “religious state” - theocracy - Khomeini has US Embassy in Teheran seized after Shah allowed in U.S. for medical treatment –60 hostages taken –Demands return of Shah (& his wealth) in exchange for the hostages

Blacks & women freed but 52 others kept and held for 444 days in captivity (tied to chairs 24 hours/day) Blacks & women freed but 52 others kept and held for 444 days in captivity (tied to chairs 24 hours/day) Carter halts Iranian oil imports & freezes all Iranian assets in U.S.; didn’t work Carter halts Iranian oil imports & freezes all Iranian assets in U.S.; didn’t work Failed rescue attempt – killed 8; Carter widely criticized; his greatest failure Failed rescue attempt – killed 8; Carter widely criticized; his greatest failure Hostages released on Reagan’s inauguration Hostages released on Reagan’s inauguration

AFGHANISTAN: AFGHANISTAN: –Soviet invasion in Dec. ’79 –To insure a pro-Soviet regime –Carter denounces and stops sale of grain to Soviets and boycotts 1980 Moscow Olympics

An Era of Activism In May 1970 thousands of students converged on New Haven to protest the trial of Black Panther leader Bobby Seale, on charges that he was involved in the killing of a suspected informant.

60’s & 70’s ACTIVISM

Polarization of America Identity Politics emerges Identity Politics emerges Identify with a particular group of like-minded people sharing the same goals and values Identify with a particular group of like-minded people sharing the same goals and values Very divisive, hard to understand other points of view Very divisive, hard to understand other points of view Examples: Black Panthers, New Left, Feminists, Grey Panthers Examples: Black Panthers, New Left, Feminists, Grey Panthers Largest generation yet Largest generation yet Valued youth, spontaneity, and individuality Valued youth, spontaneity, and individuality Hippies - promoted peace, love, & freedom Hippies - promoted peace, love, & freedom Experimented with different dress, sexual relationships, and recreational use of drugs such as LSD Experimented with different dress, sexual relationships, and recreational use of drugs such as LSD Music was a big part of this culminating in Woodstock Music was a big part of this culminating in Woodstock TheCounterculture

Founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s.

Andy Warhol Pop Art

Disability Rights Movement The movement to secure equal opportunities and equal rights for people with disabilities. The movement to secure equal opportunities and equal rights for people with disabilities. Specific goals and demands include accessibility and safety in transportation, architecture, and the physical environment, equal opportunities in independent living, employment, education, and housing, and freedom from abuse, neglect, and violations of patients' rights. Specific goals and demands include accessibility and safety in transportation, architecture, and the physical environment, equal opportunities in independent living, employment, education, and housing, and freedom from abuse, neglect, and violations of patients' rights. passed in 1990 – handicapped ramps, parking, bathrooms, etc. Americans with Disabilities Act passed in 1990 – handicapped ramps, parking, bathrooms, etc.

Women’s Activism Feminism-First used 1895 to describe the theory of political, economic, and social equality of women and men. During the 1960’s Feminists took action to bring this about. Feminism-First used 1895 to describe the theory of political, economic, and social equality of women and men. During the 1960’s Feminists took action to bring this about. The Feminine Mystique-Betty Friedman The Feminine Mystique-Betty Friedman Ms. Magazine-Gloria Steinem, NOW Ms. Magazine-Gloria Steinem, NOW EEOC, Title VII (employment) EEOC, Title VII (employment) Title IX (public education and sports access) Title IX (public education and sports access) 1961 the Pill 1961 the Pill 1973-Roe v Wade-legalizes abortion 1973-Roe v Wade-legalizes abortion

Friedan Steinem

Split in the Feminists More militant…WITCH (Women’s International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell) More militant…WITCH (Women’s International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell) 1968-Miss America pageant protest 1968-Miss America pageant protest Trash cans full of “items of oppression” - bras, girdles, dishcloths Trash cans full of “items of oppression” - bras, girdles, dishcloths Want full equality including military service compared to other feminists that advocate defending gender difference such as maternity leave and special protection in the workplace Want full equality including military service compared to other feminists that advocate defending gender difference such as maternity leave and special protection in the workplace

Katherine Switzer challenged the all-male tradition of the Boston Marathon and became the first woman (1967) to officially enter and run the event. Her entry created an uproar and worldwide notoriety when a race official tried to forcibly remove her from the competition.

Equal Rights Amendment Passed by Congress in 1972-failed to be ratified by 3/4 states, died in 1982 Passed by Congress in 1972-failed to be ratified by 3/4 states, died in 1982 Would have made discrimination based on a person’s gender illegal Would have made discrimination based on a person’s gender illegal Opposition to the amendment: Phyllis Schlafly led a national campaign-already have legal rights, coed bathrooms, no alimony Opposition to the amendment: Phyllis Schlafly led a national campaign-already have legal rights, coed bathrooms, no alimony Not all women behind it, some men outspoken against it, some more worried about racial discrimination Not all women behind it, some men outspoken against it, some more worried about racial discrimination Would this mean eligible for the draft??? Sup. Ct. says NO Would this mean eligible for the draft??? Sup. Ct. says NO

Ethnic Minorities Hispanics Hispanics –Large influx with 60’s immigration act –Problems w/ segregation on the West Coast leads to student protests. –Migrant workers exploited – United Farm Workers, led by Caesar Chavez, fought for legal changes. A Asian-Americans –Increase in immigration –problems from WWII & Vietnam –Korematsu case revisited: internees got small claims

Native Americans Form AIM – “American Indian Movement” Form AIM – “American Indian Movement” Led by Russell Means Led by Russell Means A coalition to fight for Native American treaty rights, better conditions and opportunities A coalition to fight for Native American treaty rights, better conditions and opportunities Became militant & pushed for autonomy Became militant & pushed for autonomy Siege at Wounded Knee, 1973

Nader’s Crusade, “Nation’s Nag” Convinced that the law placed too much emphasis on driver mistakes and not enough on the unsafe design of cars. Convinced that the law placed too much emphasis on driver mistakes and not enough on the unsafe design of cars. Unsafe at Any Speed, charged that automakers stressed styling, comfort, speed, power, and a desire to cut costs at the expense of safety – particular target was the Corvair Unsafe at Any Speed, charged that automakers stressed styling, comfort, speed, power, and a desire to cut costs at the expense of safety – particular target was the Corvair Get two dozen landmark consumer protection laws, including the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, Occupational Safety and Health Act, Consumer Products Safety Act, and the Freedom of Information Act Get two dozen landmark consumer protection laws, including the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, Occupational Safety and Health Act, Consumer Products Safety Act, and the Freedom of Information Act

Environmental Changes Rachel Carson writes Silent Spring to expose the dangers of the pesticide DDT. Leads to ban on DDT in the U.S. Rachel Carson writes Silent Spring to expose the dangers of the pesticide DDT. Leads to ban on DDT in the U.S. First Earth Day! April 22, 1970 First Earth Day! April 22, 1970 Other changes-EPA, Clean Air & Water Act, Rare & Endangered Species Act, Safe Drinking Water, etc. Other changes-EPA, Clean Air & Water Act, Rare & Endangered Species Act, Safe Drinking Water, etc. Also increased pressure on industry to clean up their act - causes some companies to relocate facilities in other countries where standards are more relaxed Also increased pressure on industry to clean up their act - causes some companies to relocate facilities in other countries where standards are more relaxed