Revolutions in Politics

Background to Revolution SOCIAL CHANGE Social divisions ◦Nobility ◦Middle class (monopolized economic activity) ◦Peasants (high taxes and no rights) ◦Women challenged the social hierarchy

Background to Revolution SOCIAL CHANGE New inequalities between rich and poor ◦Increased taxes on poor ◦Middle class grows wealthy from trade and manufacture ◦Purchased estates and titles Mix of social classes (nobles and bourgeoisie)

Background to Revolution SOCIAL CHANGE Changes in colonial slavery ◦African descent only ◦Free colored people had restricted rights (marriage, property, clothing) Extreme contradiction of Enlightened ideals

Background to Revolution GROWING DEMANDS FOR LIBERTY AND EQUALITY Calls for liberty (proponents were liberals) ◦Individual rights ◦New government (representative government) Ideas of equality (rights and liberties) ◦Exceptions to this belief ◦Not economic freedom

Background to Revolution GROWING DEMANDS FOR LIBERTY AND EQUALITY Enlightened thinkers supported representative government ◦John Locke ◦Baron de Montesquieu Roots of revolution ◦Discontent with limits on equality ◦Pushed for fuller realization of idea

Background to Revolution THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR England and Prussia vs. French and Austria ◦C. Europe and N. America ◦Reclaim Silesia French and Indian War ◦Conflict borders ◦British victory (end French occupation)

Background to Revolution THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR Treaty of Paris ◦France loses Canada and territories in India Aftermath ◦Britain dominant European power ◦France holds onto Caribbean What might the effect be?

The American Revolutionary Era How did the effects of the French and Indian War lead to independence in the American colonies? What were the main issues of the Articles of Confederation? What rights were provided to the federal government? What were the limitations of independence in the American colonies?

The American Revolutionary Era ORIGINS OF REVOLUTION Consequences of taxation ◦Who represents the colonies in Parliament? Colonists enjoyed more independence Tea Act of 1773 ◦Boston Tea Party ◦Coercive Acts of 1774

The American Revolutionary Era ORIGINS OF REVOLUTION First Continental Congress ◦Attempt to resolve conflicts in Great Britain ◦Parliament refused to compromise (fighting in Lexington and Concord)

The American Revolutionary Era INDEPENDENCE FROM BRITAIN Calls for independence ◦Common Sense- Thomas Paine Declaration of Independence ◦2 nd Continental Congress ◦Natural rights of mankind ◦Sovereignty of American states

The American Revolutionary Era INDEPENDENCE FROM BRITAIN Patriots vs. Loyalists (20% of the population) Foreign support ◦French support (1777) ◦Spanish and Dutch ◦Russia hampers Britian’s navy Treaty of Paris ◦Recognized independence of colonies

The American Revolutionary Era INDEPENDENCE FROM BRITAIN Framing the Constitution ◦Articles of Confederation riddled with problems ◦Constitutional Convention meets in Philadelphia Some fear growing federal power ◦Bill of Rights (1 st 10 Amendments) ◦Influences RIGHTS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT Regulate trade Tax Enforce laws

The American Revolutionary Era LIMITATIONS OF LIBERTY AND EQUALITY Slavery (pro- and anti-slavery delegates) ◦Three-Fifths Compromise Native Americans lose much of their land (against earlier truces) Women ◦Important in war effort ◦Still not granted right to vote

Revolution in France How did the growing gap between the rich and poor result in the creation in the National Assembly? What was the role of women during the 1 st French Revolution? What reforms were instituted by the National Assembly?

Revolution in France BREAKDOWN OF THE OLD ORDER Massive debt from American Revolution Tax increase Desacralization of Louis XV Louis XVI lacked decisiveness on political and economic reform

Revolution in France FORMATION OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY Property tax required meeting of the Estates General Three estates All estates agreed on demands for change

Revolution in France FORMATION OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY Deadlock over voting procedures Formation of National Assembly (Tennis Court Oath) King’s response ambivalent

Revolution in France POPULAR UPRISING AND THE RIGHTS OF MAN Economic hardships for 3 rd Estate Uprising at Bastille prison Great Fear caused by peasant insurrections

Revolution in France POPULAR UPRISING AND THE RIGHTS OF MAN Reforms of National Assembly Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Effects of Declaration

Revolution in France A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY AND ITS CHALLENGES Women’s March Reforms by the National Assembly Olympe de Gouges Declaration of the Rights of Women Political Reforms Religious Reforms

World War and Republican France

World War and Republican France THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE Division of Opinion outside of France ◦Revolutionary vs. conservative Edmund Burke vs. Mary Wollstonecraft ◦Burke called for return of inherited privileges ◦Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Rights of Man

World War and Republican France THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE Louis XVI arrested attempting to leave France ◦Threat of Foreign Intervention ◦Declaration of Pillnitz The Jacobin Club (Well-educated radical republicans) ◦Less cautious than predecessors ◦Declared war on Francis II Austria and Prussia invade in 1792; Assembly declares France in danger ◦King arrested at Tuileries

World War and Republican France THE SECOND REVOLUTION AND THE NEW REPUBLIC 2 nd Phase ( ) ◦Fall of French monarchy; radicalization of politics Girondists (Moderate) vs. the Mountain (Radicals) among Jacobins ◦Leader of Mountain was Robespierre Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette guillotined in 1793

World War and Republican France THE SECOND REVOLUTION AND THE NEW REPUBLIC French invade Savoy, German Rhineland, and Austrian Netherlands ◦Abolished feudalism and attacked nobility ◦France at war with almost all of Europe Resentment over draft resulted in counter- revolutionary efforts ◦Armies recruited to fight for their cause

World War and Republican France THE SECOND REVOLUTION AND THE NEW REPUBLIC The Mountain join with sans-culottes ◦Militant radicals; wore trousers ◦Convention invaded and arrested 29 Girondists Formation of Committee of Public Safety ◦Dictatorial powers to secure revolution Counter-revolutionary continue to drive back republic

World War and Republican France TOTAL WAR AND THE TERROR Great deal of success in re-establishing control over the provinces ◦Netherlands and Rhineland Embryonic emergency socialism ◦Fixed prices ◦Nationalized workshops ◦Controlled production

World War and Republican France TOTAL WAR AND THE TERROR Reign of Terror ( ) ◦Enforced compliance with republican beliefs ◦“enemies of the nation” tried and executed (40,000 people) ◦Banned clubs and women societies Revolution in everyday life Established sense of nationalism ◦French army massively powerful

World War and Republican France THE THERMIDORIAN REACTION AND THE DIRECTORY Increased Terror Robespierre overthrown by radical and moderate group ◦Known as Thermidorian Reaction New executive body (The Directory) ◦Supported military expansion Reaction to Directory