Opening Quiz Studies report that folate supplements for women may lower the incidence of neural tube defects of infants when the vitamin is taken during the a.last trimester of pregnancy. b.second trimester of pregnancy. c.second and third trimesters of pregnancy. d.month before conception through the first trimester of pregnancy. What is the percentage increase in the folate RDA during pregnancy? a.25 b.50 c.75 d.100 Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Opening Quiz What is the recommended range of weight gain during pregnancy for a normal-weight woman? a lbs b lbs c lbs d lbs In pregnancy, a large weight gain over a short time is usually an indication of a. excessive fat deposition. b.excessive fluid retention. c.abnormal fetal development. d.normal pregnancy only if it occurs during the second trimester. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Opening Quiz Of the following nutrient needs, which is considered the most difficult to meet during pregnancy? a.Iron b.Protein c.Vitamin D d.Vitamin B6 During pregnancy, which of the following nutrients show a dramatic increase in absorption? a.Salt and sugar b.Protein and fat c.Calcium and iron d.Thiamin and ascorbic acid Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Opening Quiz What is the chief reason that breast-fed infants usually need to eat more frequently than formula-fed infants? a.Breast milk contains less fat. b.Breast milk is digested faster. c.Breast milk is less nutrient dense. d.The amount of milk consumed per feeding episode is lower in breast-fed infants. Breast milk as the sole source of nutrition, up to the first 6 months in healthy infants, is satisfactory for all nutrients except a.sodium. b.vitamin D. c.iron and folate. d.zinc and vitamin A. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Opening Quiz Which of the following is an advantage of breastfeeding compared with formula feeding? a.There is no limit to the supply. b.It provides immunological protection. c.The mother can be sure the baby is getting enough milk. d.It is the only way to develop a true loving relationship with the baby. At what age does the normal infant first develop the ability to swallow solid food? a.3-5 weeks b weeks c.4-6 months d.9-12 months Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Opening Quiz What is the minimum number of glasses of water per day recommended for older adults? a.4 b.6 c.8 d.10 Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D nutrition in the elderly? a.Aging reduces the kidneys' ability to convert vitamin D to its active form. b.Most elderly are able to maintain near RDA levels of intake of the vitamin. c.The RDA for vitamin D in the elderly is lower due to less excretion by the kidneys. d.Most elderly rely primarily on self-synthesis of the vitamin due to their greater time spent outdoors. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Pregnancy And Lactation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Life Cycle Nutrition

Prior To Pregnancy Fertility Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Prior To Pregnancy Goals –Achieve and maintain a healthy body weight –Choose an adequate and balanced diet –Be physically active –Avoid harmful influences Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Placenta Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Fetal Growth And Development Ovum + sperm  zygote Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Fetal Growth And Development Zygote –Implantation Embryo Fetus Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Stages of Embryonic And Fetal Development

Critical Periods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Critical Periods Neural tube defects –Anencephaly –Spina bifida Folate supplementation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Critical Periods Chronic diseases Fetal programming Epigenetics Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Weight Prior To Conception Underweight –Preterm Overweight and obesity –Post term –Cesarean section Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Weight Gain Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Weight Gain Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Weight Gain Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Weight Loss Weight loss after pregnancy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Exercise During Pregnancy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Energy And Nutrient Needs Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Comparison Of Nutrient Recommendations For Nonpregnant, Pregnant, And Lactating Women

Energy And Nutrient Needs Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrition-Related Concerns Nausea Constipation and hemorrhoids Heartburn Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrition-Related Concerns Food cravings and aversions Nonfood cravings –Pica Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrition-Related Concerns Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrition-Related Concerns Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

High-Risk Pregnancies Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

High-Risk Pregnancies Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Infant’s Birth Weight Low birth weight Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Malnutrition And Pregnancy Fertility Early pregnancy Fetal development Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Food Assistance Programs WIC Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Maternal Health Preexisting diabetes Gestational diabetes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Maternal Health Preexisting hypertension Transient hypertension of pregnancy Preeclampsia and eclampsia Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mother’s Age Pregnancy in adolescents Pregnancy in older women –Down syndrome Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Practices Incompatible With Pregnancy Alcohol Medicinal drugs Herbal supplements Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Practices Incompatible With Pregnancy Illicit drugs Smoking and chewing tobacco –SIDS Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Practices Incompatible With Pregnancy Environmental contaminants Foodborne illness Vitamin-mineral megadoses Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Practices Incompatible With Pregnancy Caffeine Weight-loss dieting Sugar substitutes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Lactation Mammary glands Prolactin Oxytocin Let-down reflex Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Breastfeeding Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Breastfeeding Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mother’s Nutrient Needs During Lactation Energy intake and exercise Energy nutrients Vitamins and minerals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mother’s Nutrient Needs During Lactation Water Nutrient supplements Particular foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Practices Incompatible With Lactation Sleep Alcohol Medicinal drugs Illicit drugs Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Practices Incompatible With Lactation Smoking Environmental contaminants Caffeine Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Maternal Health And Lactation HIV infection and AIDS Diabetes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Maternal Health And Lactation Postpartum amenorrhea Breast health Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Alcohol Prenatal alcohol exposure –Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder = ARND –Alcohol-related birth defects = ARBD Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Alcohol Drinking during pregnancy How much is too much? When is the damage done? Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Life Cycle Nutrition Infancy, Childhood, And Adolescence Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Infancy Energy intake and activity Energy nutrients Vitamins and minerals Water Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Infancy Weight gain during first 5 years Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Infancy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Recommended Intakes Of An Infant And An Adult Compared On The Basis Of Body Weight

Breast Milk Frequency and duration of breastfeeding Energy nutrients –Alpha-lactalbumin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Breast Milk Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Energy nutrient content

Breast Milk Vitamins Minerals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Breast Milk Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Breast Milk Immunological protection –Colostrum –Bifidus factors –Lactoferrin –Lactadherin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Breast Milk Allergy and disease protection Other potential benefits Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Infant Formula Wean Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Infant Formula Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Infant Formula Risks of formula feeding Infant formula standards Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Infant Formula Special formulas –Hypoallergenic formulas Inappropriate formulas Nursing bottle tooth decay Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Special Needs Of Preterm Infants Long-chain fatty acids –Arachidonic acid –DHA Preterm breast milk Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Introducing Cow’s Milk Cow’s milk vs. breast milk Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Introducing Solid Foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Introducing Solid Foods Food allergies Choice of infant foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Introducing Solid Foods Foods to provide iron Foods to provide vitamin C Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Introducing Solid Foods Foods to omit –Botulism Foods at one year –Milk anemia Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mealtimes With Toddlers Behavior Exploration Don’t force foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mealtimes With Toddlers Provide nutritious foods Limit sweets Make mealtimes enjoyable Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Childhood Energy intake and activity Carbohydrate and fiber Fat and fatty acids Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Childhood Protein Vitamins and minerals Supplements Planning children’s meals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Hunger And Malnutrition In Children Hunger and behavior Iron deficiency and behavior Other nutrient deficiencies and behavior Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Malnutrition-Lead Connection Minerals and lead absorption Vitamins and lead absorption Protect against lead poisoning Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Hyperactivity And “Hyper” Behavior Hyperactivity Misbehaving Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Food Allergy And Intolerance Detecting food allergy –Asymptomatic allergy –Symptomatic allergy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Food Allergy And Intolerance Anaphylactic shock –Epinephrine Food intolerances Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Childhood Obesity

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Childhood Obesity Genetic and environmental factors Growth Physical health Psychological development Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Childhood Obesity Prevention and treatment of obesity Diet Physical activity Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Childhood Obesity Psychological support Behavioral changes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mealtimes At Home Honoring children’s preferences Learning through participation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mealtimes At Home Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mealtimes At Home Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mealtimes At Home Avoiding power struggles Choking prevention Playing first Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mealtimes At Home Snacking Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Mealtimes At Home Preventing dental carries Serving as role models Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrition At School Meals at school Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrition At School Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrition At School Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrition At School Competing influences at school Nutrition education at school Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrition During Adolescence Growth and development –Puberty Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrition During Adolescence Energy and nutrient needs –Energy intake and activity –Vitamins –Iron –Calcium Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrition During Adolescence Food choices and health habits –Snacks –Beverages –Eating away from home –Peer influence Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Intakes of milk vs. soft drinks

Problems Adolescents Face Marijuana Cocaine Ecstasy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Problems Adolescents Face Drug use, in general Alcohol abuse Smoking and smokeless tobacco Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Early development of type 2 diabetes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Early development of heart disease –Atherosclerosis Plaque Fatty streaks Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Plaque formation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Physical activity Dietary recommendations for children –Moderation, not deprivation –Diet first, drugs later Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Smoking Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Life Cycle Nutrition Adulthood and the Later Years Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Life Cycle Nutrition Life expectancy Life span Longevity Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Aging Of The U.S. Population

Observation of Older Adults Quality of life Healthy habits –Physiological age –Chronological age Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Manipulation Of Diet Energy restriction in animals Energy restriction in human beings Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Aging Process Stress –Stress response Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Aging Process Physiological changes –Body weight –Body composition Sarcopenia Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Aging Process Physiological changes –Immune system –GI tract Dysphagia Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Aging Process Physiological changes –Tooth loss –Sensory loss and other physical problems Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Aging Process Other changes –Psychological changes –Economic changes –Social changes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Energy And Nutrient Needs of Older Adults Water Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Energy And Nutrient Needs of Older Adults Energy and energy nutrients –Protein –Carbohydrate and fiber –Fat Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Energy And Nutrient Needs of Older Adults Vitamins and minerals –Vitamin B 12 –Vitamin D –Calcium –Iron Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Energy And Nutrient Needs of Older Adults Nutrient supplements Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Energy And Nutrient Needs of Older Adults Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrition-Related Concerns Of Older Adults Cataracts and macular degeneration Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrition-Related Concerns Of Older Adults Arthritis –Osteoarthritis –Rheumatoid arthritis –Treatment Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Aging Brain Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Aging Brain Senile dementia Alzheimer’s disease Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Choices Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Choices Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Risk Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Food Assistance Programs Elderly Nutrition Program –Congregate meals –Meals on Wheels Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Meals For Singles Spend wisely Be creative Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrient-Drug Interactions Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrient-Drug Interactions Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrient-Drug Interactions Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Nutrient-Drug Interactions Other ingredients in drugs The health-professional and nutrient-drug interactions Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning